Fer-1 like family member 4 pseudogene: novel potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for cutaneous melanoma.

Cutaneous melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer. Despite advancements in treatment, many patients still face poor outcomes. A deeper understanding of the mechanisms involved in melanoma pathogenesis is crucial for improving diagnosis and therapy.

The RNA world: from experimental laboratory to "in silico" approach. Part 1: User friendly RNA expression databases portals.

Cellular information about "life instruction" is stored, transferred, and modified using different types of RNA molecules. During the last decades, a growing number of RNA data has been generated thanks to the development of microarray chips and next-generation sequencing (NGS) methods. Improvement of bioinformatics contributed to the discovery of many types of new non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), mostly with regulatory functions that supplemented the knowledge about the world of RNA.

miRNA in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas: promising but still distant future of personalized oncology.

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is one of the most common and fatal cancers worldwide. Lack of appropriate preventive screening tests, late detection, and high heterogeneity of these tumors are the main reasons for the unsatisfactory effects of therapy and, consequently, unfavorable outcomes for patients. An opportunity to improve the quality of diagnostics and treatment of this group of cancers are microRNAs (miRNAs) - molecules with a great potential both as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

-Related Transcription Factors in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas: In Silico Based Analysis.

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth leading cancer and the fifth cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide with a poor 5-year survival. family genes play a role in the processes involved in cancer development such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), the maintenance of cancer stem cells (CSCs) and the regulation of drug resistance. We analyzed the expression of , , , , and genes in HNSCC patients using the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets, to assess their biological role and their potential utility as biomarkers.

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors for ovarian cancer? - a new adjuvant option or a silent trap.

Background: Ovarian cancer is a huge therapeutic and financial problem for which approved treatments have already achieved their limit of efficiency. A cost-effective strategy to extend therapeutic options in this malignancy is drug repurposing aimed at overcoming chemoresistance. Here, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-I) are worth considering.

Biological role and diagnostic utility of ribosomal protein L23a pseudogene 53 in cutaneous melanoma.

Background: Skin melanoma is one of the deadliest types of skin cancer and develops from melanocytes. The genetic aberrations in protein-coding genes are well characterized, but little is known about changes in non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) such as pseudogenes. Ribosomal protein pseudogenes (RPPs) have been described as the largest group of pseudogenes which are dispersed in the human genome.

Host gene and its guest: short story about relation of long-noncoding transcript and microRNA .

Epigenetics is the changes in a cellular phenotype without changes in the genotype. This term is not limited only to the modification of chromatin and DNA but also relates to some RNAs, like non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), both short and long RNAs (lncRNAs) acting as molecular modifiers. Mobile RNAs, as a free form or encapsulated in exosomes, can regulate neighboring cells or be placed in distant locations.

The Impact of YRNAs on HNSCC and HPV Infection.

HPV infection is one of the most important risk factors for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma among younger patients. YRNAs are short non-coding RNAs involved in DNA replication. YRNAs have been found to be dysregulated in many cancers, including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).

Midsize noncoding RNAs in cancers: a new division that clarifies the world of noncoding RNA or an unnecessary chaos?

Most of the human genome is made out of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs). These ncRNAs do not code for proteins but carry a vast number of important functions in human cells such as: modification and processing other RNAs (tRNAs, rRNAs, snRNAs, snoRNAs, miRNAs), help in the synthesis of ribosome proteins, initiation of DNA replication, regulation of transcription, processing of pre-messenger mRNA during its maturation and much more. The ncRNAs also have a significant impact on many events that occur during carcinogenesis in cancer cells, such as: regulation of cell survival, cellular signaling, apoptosis, proliferation or even influencing the metastasis process.

Zinc Finger Proteins in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas: ZNF540 May Serve as a Biomarker.

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is one of the ten most common cancers. Most cancer cases originate from alcohol and tobacco consumption. However, studies have demonstrated that human papillomavirus () infection, particularly , may also significantly influence disease progression.

C10orf55, CASC2, and SFTA1P lncRNAs Are Potential Biomarkers to Assess Radiation Therapy Response in Head and Neck Cancers.

Long non-coding RNAs have proven to be important molecules in carcinogenesis. Due to little knowledge about them, the molecular mechanisms of tumorigenesis are still being explored. The aim of this work was to study the effect of ionizing radiation on the expression of lncRNAs in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) in patients responding and non-responding to radiotherapy.

Radio-lncRNAs: Biological Function and Potential Use as Biomarkers for Personalized Oncology.

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) consist of at least 200 nucleotides. Although these molecules do not code proteins, they carry many regulatory functions in normal cells, as well as in cancer cells. For instance, many of these molecules have been previously correlated with tumorigenesis of different cancers and their reaction to various stress factors, such as radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or reactive oxygen species (ROS).

The World of Pseudogenes: New Diagnostic and Therapeutic Targets in Cancers or Still Mystery Molecules?

Pseudogenes were once considered as "junk DNA", due to loss of their functions as a result of the accumulation of mutations, such as frameshift and presence of premature stop-codons and relocation of genes to inactive heterochromatin regions of the genome. Pseudogenes are divided into two large groups, processed and unprocessed, according to their primary structure and origin. Only 10% of all pseudogenes are transcribed into RNAs and participate in the regulation of parental gene expression at both transcriptional and translational levels through senseRNA (sRNA) and antisense RNA (asRNA).

Long Intergenic Non-Coding RNAs in HNSCC: From "Junk DNA" to Important Prognostic Factor.

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is one of the most common and fatal cancers worldwide. Even a multimodal approach consisting of standard chemo- and radiotherapy along with surgical resection is only effective in approximately 50% of the cases. The rest of the patients develop a relapse of the disease and acquire resistance to treatment.

Diagnostics of Mutations in MMR/ Genes and Their Role in the Treatment and Care of Patients with Lynch Syndrome.

Lynch syndrome (LS), also known as hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), is a disorder caused by an autosomal dominant heterozygous germline mutation in one of the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes. Individuals with LS are at an increased risk of developing colorectal and extracolonic cancers, such as endometrial, small bowel, or ovarian. In this review, the mutations involved with LS and their diagnostic methods are described and compared, as are their current uses in clinical decision making.

PRINS lncRNA Is a New Biomarker Candidate for HPV Infection and Prognosis of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas.

Numerous studies have shown that human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is one of the important risk factors for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) progression and affects the expression of multiple genes, which might serve as new biomarkers. This study examines the effects of HPV infection on long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) expression and the immune system, particularly PRINS (Psoriasis susceptibility-related RNA Gene Induced by Stress). The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) expression data for lncRNA genes and clinical data were analyzed by GraphPad Prism 5/7.

Liquid lncRNA Biopsy for the Evaluation of Locally Advanced and Metastatic Squamous Cell Carcinomas of the Head and Neck.

Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) are RNA molecules that are more than 200 nucleotides long and have the ability to modify the activity of genes. They can be found in both healthy and cancer tissues, as well as in plasma, saliva and other bodily fluids. They can also be used as biomarkers of early detection, prognosis and chemotherapy resistance in several cancer types.

cfRNAs as biomarkers in oncology - still experimental or applied tool for personalized medicine already?

Currently, the challenges of contemporary oncology are focused mainly on the development of personalized medicine and precise treatment, which could be achieved through the use of molecular biomarkers. One of the biological molecules with great potential are circulating free RNAs (cfRNAs) which are present in various types of body fluids, such as blood, serum, plasma, and saliva. Also, different types of cfRNA particles can be distinguished depending on their length and function: microRNA (miRNA), PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA), tRNA-derived RNA fragments (tRFs), circular RNA (circRNA), long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), and messenger RNA (mRNA).

Good or not good: Role of miR-18a in cancer biology.

miR-18a is a member of primary transcript called miR-17-92a (C13orf25 or MIR17HG) which also contains five other miRNAs: miR-17, miR-19a, miR-20a, miR-19b and miR-92a. This cluster as a whole shows specific characteristics, where miR-18a seems to be unique. In contrast to the other members, the expression of miR-18a is additionally controlled and probably functions as its own internal controller of the cluster.

The Oncogenic Roles of and Genes and Pseudogene in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas.

Background: Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas are a group of heterogeneous diseases that occur in the mouth, pharynx and larynx and are characterized by poor prognosis. A low overall survival rate leads to a need to develop biomarkers for early head and neck squamous cell carcinomas detection, accurate prognosis and appropriate selection of therapy. Therefore, in this paper, we investigate the biological role of the pseudogene and associated genes and and their potential use as biomarkers.

YRNAs and YRNA-Derived Fragments as New Players in Cancer Research and Their Potential Role in Diagnostics.

YRNAs are a type of short, noncoding RNAs. A total of four different transcripts can be distinguished, which are , , and . All YRNAs are relatively small, made up of about 100 nucleotides each.

The role of lncRNA in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck is still difficult to define.

Introduction: Nuclear paraspeckle assembly transcript 1 () is considered an oncogene in various cancers, but the role in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) is not clear.

Material And Methods: Expression of in HNSCC patients' samples and cell lines was analysed using qRT-PCR. The TCGA expression data of were analysed depending on the clinicopathological parameters and tumour localisation.

YRNAs: New Insights and Potential Novel Approach in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

YRNAs are a class of non-coding RNAs that are components of the Ro60 ribonucleoprotein particle and are essential for initiation of DNA replication. Ro60 ribonucleoprotein particle is a target of autoimmune antibodies in patients suffering from systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjögren's syndrome. Deregulation of YRNAs has been confirmed in many cancer types, but not in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).

Plasma lncRNA expression profile as a prognostic tool in mutant metastatic melanoma patients treated with BRAF inhibitor.

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) are dysregulated in many cancer types. Abnormal baseline levels of these lncRNAs display diagnostic and prognostic potential in cancer patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of plasma lncRNAs in -mutant advanced melanoma patients treated with a BRAF inhibitor.

Oncogenic Role of ZFAS1 lncRNA in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas.

Background: Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a heterogeneous disease with high mortality. The identification of specific HNSCC biomarkers will increase treatment efficacy and limit the toxicity of current therapeutic strategies. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are promising biomarkers.