Prevalence of anaemia and associated factors among infants under 6 months in rural China.

Objective: To examine Hb level and anaemia status among infants under 6 months of age in rural China.

Design: A cross-sectional survey collected data among infants under 6 months and their primary caregivers in Sichuan, China. Anaemia was defined using both the WHO and China Pediatrics Association thresholds.

Duodenal obstruction due to missed pre-duodenal portal vein in a patient with intestinal malrotation.

Pre-duodenal portal vein (PDPV) is a rare anomaly and a rare cause of duodenal obstruction (DO), with only a few cases reported in the literature. We present an infant whose bilious vomiting persisted despite having Ladd's procedure for intestinal malrotation due to a missed diagnosis of DO from PDPV that was found at re-exploration. The patient was diagnosed with malrotation and had Ladd's procedure at 12 weeks of age, but bilious vomiting persisted post-operatively.

Contribution of Meliaceous plants in furnishing lead compounds for antiplasmodial and insecticidal drug development.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Malaria remains one of the greatest threats to human life especially in the tropical and sub-tropical regions where it claims hundreds of thousands of lives of young children every year. Meliaceae represent a large family of trees and shrubs, which are widely used in African traditional medicine for the treatment of several ailments including fever due to malaria. The in vitro and in vivo antiplasmodial as well as insecticidal investigations of their extracts or isolated compounds have led to promising results but to the best of our knowledge, no specific review on the traditional uses, phytochemistry of the antiplasmodial, insecticidal and cytotoxic lead compounds and extracts of Meliaceae plants has been compiled.

Doomed peripheral intravenous catheters: Bad Outcomes are similar for emergency department and inpatient placed catheters: A retrospective medical record review.

Introduction: The survivorship of peripheral intravenous catheters (PIVCs) placed in hospitalized patients is shockingly poor and leads to frequent reinsertions. We aimed to evaluate differences in failure rates and IV insertion practices for PIVCs that are placed in the emergency department (ED) compared to those placed in the inpatient (IP) setting.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective electronic medical record review of PIVC survival at a single-site suburban, academic tertiary care referral center with 130,000 annual ED visits and 1100 inpatient beds.

Recent outcomes of the extracardiac Fontan procedure in patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome.

Objective: To investigate patient-related factors, echocardiographic, and anatomic variables associated with immediate and long-term clinical outcomes after extracardiac Fontan procedure at our institution.

Materials And Methods: Retrospective review of preoperative cardiac catheterizations and echocardiograms as well as medical records of all children with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) who underwent Fontan between June 2002 and December 2018.

Results: Seventy-seven patients with HLHS were included (age 4 years [1.

COVID-19 PICU guidelines: for high- and limited-resource settings.

Background: Fewer children than adults have been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, and the clinical manifestations are distinct from those of adults. Some children particularly those with acute or chronic co-morbidities are likely to develop critical illness. Recently, a multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C) has been described in children with some of these patients requiring care in the pediatric ICU.

Derivation and validation of a prognostic score for neonatal mortality in Ethiopia: a case-control study.

Background: Early warning scores for neonatal mortality have not been designed for low income countries. We developed and validated a score to predict mortality upon admission to a NICU in Ethiopia.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective case-control study at the University of Gondar Hospital, Gondar, Ethiopia.

Differential Lung Ventilation Using a Bronchial Blocker in a Pediatric Patient on Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: A Case Report.

We describe a patient with acute on chronic respiratory failure after a cardiac arrest who was cannulated to venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. The patient developed right-sided interstitial emphysema with air leak and left-sided hemothorax with secondary atelectasis. A differential lung ventilation strategy was used in which an endotracheal tube was placed in the left main stem bronchus and a bronchial blocker was placed in the right mainstem bronchus.

Paediatric day-case surgery in a new paediatric surgical unit in Northwestern Nigeria.

Background: Day-case surgery is defined as when the surgical day-case patient is admitted for investigation or operation on a planned non-resident basis and who nonetheless requires facilities for recovery. A significant number of our patients were treated as day cases. This study was conducted to audit paediatric day-case surgery practice at our centre, to determine the indications as well as morbidity and mortality from day-case surgeries.

A Retrospective Evaluation of Echocardiograms to Establish Normative Inferior Vena Cava and Aortic Measurements for Children Younger Than 6 Years.

Objectives: The ability to plot the inferior vena cava (IVC) size on a normal curve for pediatric patients may prove beneficial. First, in patients with normal cardiac anatomy who present in shock, assessing IVC size may be valuable for evaluating the degree of dehydration. Second, in children with heart disease, understanding how a child's IVC size compares to normal could be particularly beneficial for patients with right heart disease.

Challenges to code status discussions for pediatric patients.

Objectives: In the context of serious or life-limiting illness, pediatric patients and their families are faced with difficult decisions surrounding appropriate resuscitation efforts in the event of a cardiopulmonary arrest. Code status orders are one way to inform end-of-life medical decision making. The objectives of this study are to evaluate the extent to which pediatric providers have knowledge of code status options and explore the association of provider role with (1) knowledge of code status options, (2) perception of timing of code status discussions, (3) perception of family receptivity to code status discussions, and (4) comfort carrying out code status discussions.

Clinical outcomes and mortality before and after implementation of a pediatric sepsis protocol in a limited resource setting: A retrospective cohort study in Bangladesh.

Background: Pediatric sepsis has a high mortality rate in limited resource settings. Sepsis protocols have been shown to be a cost-effective strategy to improve morbidity and mortality in a variety of populations and settings. At Dhaka Hospital in Bangladesh, mortality from pediatric sepsis in high-risk children previously approached 60%, which prompted the implementation of an evidenced-based protocol in 2010.

INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION CAUSED BY APPENDICITIS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW.

Background: The known complications of appendicitis include perforated appendicitis with generalised peritonitis, appendiceal mass, appendiceal abscess, sepsis, adhesion formation and in a few occasions, small bowel intestinal obstruction.

Aim: To review published cases of intestinal obstruction due to appendicitis with a view to better understand the pathophysiology of this complication.

Methodology: A search of the literature in the MEDLINE database, using PubMed and OvidSP, Scopus, Google Scholar and Cochrane Databases with the following MeSH terms: was done.

American College of Critical Care Medicine Clinical Practice Parameters for Hemodynamic Support of Pediatric and Neonatal Septic Shock.

Objectives: The American College of Critical Care Medicine provided 2002 and 2007 guidelines for hemodynamic support of newborn and pediatric septic shock. Provide the 2014 update of the 2007 American College of Critical Care Medicine "Clinical Guidelines for Hemodynamic Support of Neonates and Children with Septic Shock."

Design: Society of Critical Care Medicine members were identified from general solicitation at Society of Critical Care Medicine Educational and Scientific Symposia (2006-2014).

Evaluation of a Smartphone Decision-Support Tool for Diarrheal Disease Management in a Resource-Limited Setting.

The emergence of mobile technology offers new opportunities to improve clinical guideline adherence in resource-limited settings. We conducted a clinical pilot study in rural Bangladesh to evaluate the impact of a smartphone adaptation of the World Health Organization (WHO) diarrheal disease management guidelines, including a modality for age-based weight estimation. Software development was guided by end-user input and evaluated in a resource-limited district and sub-district hospital during the fall 2015 cholera season; both hospitals lacked scales which necessitated weight estimation.

Outcome of primary closure of abdominal wounds following laparotomy for peritonitis in children.

Background: Primary wound closure following laparotomy for peritonitis is generally believed to be associated with wound complications and long hospital stay. Open wound management has long been the most common practice after laparotomy for peritonitis. Primary closure (PC), however, has recently been advocated to reduce cost and morbidity.

Role of damage control enterostomy in management of children with peritonitis from acute intestinal disease.

Background: Intestinal anastomosis in severely ill children with peritonitis from intestinal perforation, intestinal gangrene or anastomotic dehiscence (acute intestinal disease) is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Enterostomy as a damage control measure may be an option to minimize the high morbidity and mortality. This report evaluates the role of damage control enterostomy in the treatment of these patients.

Clinical practice parameters for hemodynamic support of pediatric and neonatal septic shock: 2007 update from the American College of Critical Care Medicine.

Background: The Institute of Medicine calls for the use of clinical guidelines and practice parameters to promote "best practices" and to improve patient outcomes.

Objective: 2007 update of the 2002 American College of Critical Care Medicine Clinical Guidelines for Hemodynamic Support of Neonates and Children with Septic Shock.

Participants: Society of Critical Care Medicine members with special interest in neonatal and pediatric septic shock were identified from general solicitation at the Society of Critical Care Medicine Educational and Scientific Symposia (2001-2006).

Glucose control in pediatric intensive care unit patients using an insulin-glucose algorithm.

Background: Control of hyperglycemia in adult medical and surgical intensive care units (ICUs) has been shown to dramatically decrease morbidity and mortality. Algorithms to achieve glycemic control in the ICU setting are evolving. We have evaluated the use of a discrete proportional-integral-derivative (PID) algorithm to control hyperglycemia in pediatric ICU (PICU) patients both with and without diabetes.

Association of hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, and glucose variability with morbidity and death in the pediatric intensive care unit.

Objective: We evaluated retrospectively plasma glucose levels and the degree of hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, and glucose variability in a PICU and then assessed their association with hospital length of stay and mortality rates.

Methods: Electronic medical records at the Packard Children's Hospital at Stanford University were reviewed retrospectively for all PICU admissions between March 1, 2003, and March 31, 2004. Patients with a known diagnosis of diabetes mellitus were excluded.

Changing outcomes for children requiring intensive care following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Past literature has shown that respiratory failure following hematopoietic stem cell transplant is associated with a universally poor outcome with mortality rates approaching 100%. More recent studies have suggested that patient survival is improving. We report our experience with the patients from our institution, a large children's hospital, who were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU).