Using Heart Rate Variability to Assess Nurses' Stress During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Objective: This study aimed to assess subjective and objective parameters of stress among nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic and to examine the recovery effect of a day off.

Methods: In this prospective observational trial, we measured heart rate variability (using a wearable device) and perceived stress levels on 3 working days and 1 day off. We obtained the following data using an online questionnaire: working conditions, COVID-19-related problems, depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9), anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7), effort-reward imbalance, and work-family conflict in a sample of German nurses (N = 41).

Social identity and drinking: Dissecting social networks and implications for novel interventions.

Drinking among young adults has been consistently associated with perceptions of prevalence and approval of varying levels of drinking among broadly defined similar others (e.g. other female college students).

The Epidemiology of Binge Drinking Among College-Age Individuals in the United States.

Rates of alcohol consumption continue to be a concern, particularly for individuals who are college age. Drinking patterns have changed over time, with the frequency of binge drinking (consuming four/five or more drinks for women/men) remaining high (30% to 40%). Young adults in the college age range are developmentally and socially at higher risk for drinking at binge levels.

The Role of Self-Efficacy for Bystander Helping Behaviors in Risky Alcohol Situations.

We examined the role of self-efficacy in preventing bystander inaction in dangerous alcohol situations. Participants (N = 504) completed an online survey that assessed whether they had previously witnessed or intervened in alcohol-related emergencies, their self-efficacy for intervening, and their likelihood of intervening in the future. Previously intervening was positively associated with self-efficacy and likelihood of intervening in the future.

Social Network Factors and Addictive Behaviors among College Students.

Purpose Of The Review: To provide an overview of studies within the past five years examining the impact of social network factors on addictive behaviors among college students, to discuss gaps, limitations, and controversies in the field, and to summarize with a discussion of future directions and implications for interventions.

Recent Findings: A review of 13 studies indicated that greater network exposure, centrality, reciprocated ties, and more tightly interconnected networks were associated with greater alcohol use and other addictive behaviors among college students.

Summary: Greater research is needed that expands beyond alcohol use to other addictive behaviors among college students.

The impact of normative perceptions on alcohol consumption in military veterans.

Background And Aims: Perceptions of both descriptive norms (prevalence of drinking) and injunctive norms (others' approval of drinking) relate to alcohol consumption, but mechanisms for these associations have received little attention, especially in military samples. This study tested the direct and indirect associations between perceived descriptive and injunctive norms on drinking through personal attitudes (i.e.

Evaluations and Perceptions of Others' Evaluations of Negative Alcohol-Related Consequences Predict Negative Alcohol-Related Consequences Among College Drinkers.

Objective: A key assumption when assessing alcohol-related problems is that these problems are considered negative. A growing literature suggests that college drinkers do not perceive all measured consequences to be negative. Research has established the impact of others' beliefs on personal beliefs and behaviors.

An introduction to body vandalism: What is it? Who does it? When does it happen?

A number of typical consequences for alcohol and other substances have been well documented. However, a specific category of consequences which has received no attention in the existing literature includes acts (other than sexual assault) committed upon incapacitated individuals. We have termed this behavior body vandalism (BV), defined as the direct manipulation of an incapacitated individual through the addition of markings, objects or substances, removal of property or hair, or relocation of a body.

Comorbidity of Alcohol and Gambling Problems in Emerging Adults: A Bifactor Model Conceptualization.

Addictive disorders, such as pathological gambling and alcohol use disorders, frequently co-occur at greater than chance levels. Substantive questions stem from this comorbidity regarding the extent to which shared variance between gambling and alcohol use reflects a psychological core of addictive tendencies, and whether this differs as a function of gender. The aims of this study were to differentiate both common and unique variance in alcohol and gambling problems in a bifactor model, examine measurement invariance of this model by gender, and identify substantive correlates of the final bifactor model.

Injunctive Norms and Alcohol Consumption: A Revised Conceptualization.

Background: Injunctive norms have been found to be important predictors of behaviors in many disciplines with the exception of alcohol research. This exception is likely due to a misconceptualization of injunctive norms for alcohol consumption. To address this, we outline and test a new conceptualization of injunctive norms and personal approval for alcohol consumption.

FRAMING EFFECTS ON PHYSICIANS' JUDGMENT AND DECISION MAKING.

This study aimed to assess physicians' susceptibility to framing effects in clinical judgment and decision making. A survey was administered online to 159 general internists in the United States. Participants were randomized into two groups, in which clinical scenarios varied in their framings: frequency vs percentage, with cost information vs without, female patient vs male patient, and mortality vs survival.

Friends in low places: The impact of locations and companions on 21st birthday drinking.

The present research examined how various locations and companions were associated with hazardous drinking during 21st birthday celebrations. The sample included 912 college students (57% female) who completed an online survey to examine 21st birthday drinking. Locations included bars, friends' houses, restaurants, outdoor barbecues, homes, parents' homes, and Fraternity/Sorority houses.

Racial and Ethnic Differences in Problem Gambling among College Students.

The college years are a formative period where the risk for development of problematic gambling is high. Research examining racial and ethnic differences in gambling behaviors has been limited and inconsistent. The aims of this study were to examine racial and ethnic differences in problem gambling among a large sample of college students.

Communication about maternal-fetal surgery for myelomeningocele and congenital diaphragmatic hernia: preliminary findings with implications for informed consent and shared decision-making.

Objective: To examine the style and content of consultations for maternal-fetal surgery and draw conclusions about best practices for informed consent and shared decision-making.

Study Design: Qualitative study of 15 h-long consultations with women diagnosed with fetal myelomeningocele (MMC, n=11) or congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH, n=4) who were potential candidates for maternal-fetal surgery at a large children's hospital in the Southwestern US.

Results: Major findings were that physicians tended to discuss the risks of fetal prognosis qualitatively more often than quantitatively (70% compared to 30%) and when mortality was a risk the "positive" (percentage survival) frame was always given rather than the morality frame.

Alcohol evaluations and acceptability: examining descriptive and injunctive norms among heavy drinkers.

Objectives: This study assessed descriptive and injunctive norms, evaluations of alcohol consequences, and acceptability of drinking.

Methods: Participants were 248 heavy-drinking undergraduates (81.05% female; Mage=23.

Cognitive biases and heuristics in medical decision making: a critical review using a systematic search strategy.

Background: The role of cognitive biases and heuristics in medical decision making is of growing interest. The purpose of this study was to determine whether studies on cognitive biases and heuristics in medical decision making are based on actual or hypothetical decisions and are conducted with populations that are representative of those who typically make the medical decision; to categorize the types of cognitive biases and heuristics found and whether they are found in patients or in medical personnel; and to critically review the studies based on standard methodological quality criteria.

Method: Data sources were original, peer-reviewed, empirical studies on cognitive biases and heuristics in medical decision making found in Ovid Medline, PsycINFO, and the CINAHL databases published in 1980-2013.

Association between interleukin 6 gene haplotype and Alzheimer's disease: a Brazilian case-control study.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that takes the form of a local overexpression of cytokines and other inflammatory molecules. We investigated three single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of the interleukin 6 gene (IL-6) promoter region [-174G/C (rs 1800795), -572C/G (rs 1800796), and -597G/A (rs 1800797)] in 200 patients with late-onset AD and 165 elderly controls in a Brazilian case-control population sample. Genotyping was carried out from blood cells using PCR-RFLP techniques.

Major gene and multifactorial inheritance of mandibular prognathism.

Mandibular prognathism typically shows familial aggregation. Various genetic models have been described and it is assumed to be a multifactorial and polygenic trait, with a threshold for expression. Our goal was to examine specific genetic models of the familial transmission of this trait.

Cell death and regeneration in the midgut of the mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus.

Haematophagy, the utilization of blood as food, has evolved independently among insects such as mosquitoes, bedbugs, fleas, and others. Accordingly, several distinct biological adaptations have occurred in order to facilitate the finding, ingestion and digestion of blood from vertebrate sources. Although blood meals are essential for survival and reproduction of these insects, mechanical and chemical stresses are caused by the ingestion of a sizable meal (frequently twice or more times the weight of the insect) containing large amounts of cytotoxic molecules such as haem.

Glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) and T1 (GSTT1) polymorphisms in a Brazilian mixed population.

The GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotype frequencies were significantly different between 658 nonblack and black healthy blood donors from a Brazilian mixed population (Rio de Janeiro). The GSTM1 phenotype distribution was not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in either group, mainly because of an excess of the GSTM1*A/*B genotype.

Urine labeling with orally applied marker substances in drug substitution therapy.

The compliance of 581 drug addicts attending six methadone substitution outpatient clinics was determined over a period of 18 months. Urine from these patients was labeled following oral administration of low molecular weight polyethylene glycols as marker substances. These substances were measured in approx.

The association of genetic markers and malaria infection in the Brazilian Western Amazonian region.

Almost all individuals (182) belonging to an Amazonian riverine population (Portuchuelo, RO, Brazil) were investigated for ascertaining data on epidemiological aspects of malaria. Thirteen genetic blood polymorphisms were investigated (ABO, MNSs, Rh, Kell, and Duffy systems, haptoglobins, hemoglobins, and the enzymes glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glyoxalase, phosphoglucomutase, carbonic anhydrase, red cell acid phosphatase, and esterase D). The results indicated that the Duffy system is associated with susceptibility to malaria, as observed in other endemic areas.

Ethnic admixture composition of two western Amazonian populations.

A small riverine community, Portuchuelo (8 degrees 37'S, 63 degrees 49'W), and a rural county, Monte Negro (10 degrees 15'S, 63 degrees 18'W), both in the state of Rondĵnia, Brazil, were studied for the purposes of ascertaining health conditions and the causes of the variability of some infectious diseases. The sample included 181 inhabitants of Portuchuelo and 924 of Monte Negro. Data on 11 blood polymorphisms (ABO, Rh, MNSs, Kell, Fy, haptoglobin, hemoglobin, ACP1, PGM1, GLO1, and CA2) were used to determine the ethnic composition of the inhabitants of Portuchuelo and Monte Negro.

High prevalence of asymptomatic Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum infections in native Amazonian populations.

The epidemiology of malaria in 2 riverine localities in Rondĵnia, Brazilian western Amazĵnia, was assessed by a 1-year study at Portuchuelo, and a cross-sectional survey at riverine communities at Rio Machado (= Ji-Parana). Plasmodium spp. infections were diagnosed by light microscopy and by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of ribosomal DNA.