Testing the generalizability of minimal group attitudes in minority and majority race children.

The minimal group effect, in which people prefer ingroup members to outgroup members even when group membership is trivially constructed, has been studied extensively in psychological science. Despite a large body of literature on this phenomenon, concerns persist regarding previous developmental research populations that are small and lack racial/ethnic diversity. In addition, it remains unclear what role holding membership within and interacting with specific racial/ethnic groups plays in the development of children's group attitudes.

Harshly Oxidized Activated Charcoal Enhances Protein Persulfidation with Implications for Neurodegeneration as Exemplified by Friedreich's Ataxia.

Harsh acid oxidation of activated charcoal transforms an insoluble carbon-rich source into water-soluble, disc structures of graphene decorated with multiple oxygen-containing functionalities. We term these pleiotropic nano-enzymes as "pleozymes". A broad redox potential spans many crucial redox reactions including the oxidation of hydrogen sulfide (HS) to polysulfides and thiosulfate, dismutation of the superoxide radical (O*), and oxidation of NADH to NAD.

SOD1 Is an Integral Yet Insufficient Oxidizer of Hydrogen Sulfide in Trisomy 21 B Lymphocytes and Can Be Augmented by a Pleiotropic Carbon Nanozyme.

Down syndrome (DS) is a multisystemic disorder that includes accelerated aging caused by trisomy 21. In particular, overexpression of cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS) is linked to excess intracellular hydrogen sulfide (HS), a mitochondrial toxin at higher concentrations, which impairs cellular viability. Concurrent overexpression of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) may increase oxidative stress by generating excess hydrogen peroxide (HO) while also mitigating the toxic HS burden via a non-canonical sulfide-oxidizing mechanism.

Mental Health during Medical Transition in a US and Canadian Sample of Early Socially Transitioned Transgender Youth.

Purpose: This study aimed to shed light on the mental health of a unique group of medically transitioning transgender adolescents: those who had made a binary social transition during childhood and who, in general, had not experienced substantial gender-incongruent puberty.

Methods: Study participants were part of a broader longitudinal study comprising 3 groups: transgender youth, their cisgender siblings, and unrelated cisgender peers. Using multilevel models, we compared self-reported and parent-reported levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms among transgender youth at 3 stages: before youth had begun puberty blockers; after they had begun blockers; and after they had begun hormone therapy.

A Study of Parent-Reported Internalizing Symptoms in Transgender Youth Before and After Childhood Social Transitions.

Some children socially transition genders by changing their pronouns (and often names, hairstyles, clothing) from those associated with their assigned sex at birth to those associated with their gender identity. We refer to children who have socially transitioned as transgender children. In a prospective sample of children who socially transitioned during childhood (at or before the age of 12; = 6.

Levels of Satisfaction and Regret With Gender-Affirming Medical Care in Adolescence.

Importance: There is a need to improve the evidence base for gender-affirming medical care provided to adolescents, including the experiences of those who have received this care.

Objective: To examine rates of satisfaction, regret, and continuity of care in adolescents who received puberty blockers and/or gender-affirming hormones as part of gender-affirming medical care.

Design, Setting, And Participants: This survey study used the 2023 online survey wave of an ongoing longitudinal study, the Trans Youth Project, among a community-based sample of transgender youth and their parents initially recruited throughout the US and Canada between 2013 and 2017.

The SOD1 Inhibitor, LCS-1, Oxidizes H2S to Reactive Sulfur Species, Directly and Indirectly, through Conversion of SOD1 to an Oxidase.

LCS-1, a putative selective inhibitor of SOD1, is a substituted pyridazinone with rudimentary similarity to quinones and naphthoquinones. As quinones catalytically oxidize HS to biologically active reactive sulfur species (RSS), we hypothesized LCS-1 might have similar attributes. Here, we examine LCS-1 reactions with HS and SOD1 using thiol-specific fluorophores, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), UV-vis spectrometry, and oxygen consumption.

Early Impressions and Adoption of the AtriAmp for Managing Arrhythmias Following Congenital Heart Surgery.

AtriAmp is a new medical device that displays a continuous real-time atrial electrogram on telemetry using temporary atrial pacing leads. Our objective was to evaluate early adoption of this device into patient care within our pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). This is a qualitative study using inductive analysis of semi-structured interviews to identify dominant themes.

Children's gender essentialism and prejudice: Testing causal links via an experimental manipulation.

Despite increases in visibility, gender-nonconforming young people continue to be at risk for bullying and discrimination. Prior work has established that gender essentialism in children correlates with prejudice against people who do not conform to gender norms, but to date no causal link has been established. The present study investigated this link more directly by testing whether children's gender essentialism and prejudice against gender nonconformity can be reduced by exposure to anti-essentialist messaging.

Quality Improvement Identifies Healthcare Transition Disparities in Adolescents with Congenital Heart Disease and Disabilities.

Introduction: We aim to implement healthcare transition (HCT) education for youth with congenital heart disease (CHD) and assess HCT preparedness for cardiac self-care.

Methods: An HCT clinic was implemented at an academic pediatric cardiology clinic for CHD youth 17 years of age and older. An educator used transition readiness assessment questionnaires and discussed HCT material.

Reaction Mechanisms of HS Oxidation by Naphthoquinones.

1,4-naphthoquinones (NQs) catalytically oxidize HS to per- and polysufides and sulfoxides, reduce oxygen to superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, and can form NQ-SH adducts through Michael addition. Here, we measured oxygen consumption and used sulfur-specific fluorophores, liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and UV-Vis spectrometry to examine HS oxidation by NQs with various substituent groups. In general, the order of HS oxidization was DCNQ ~ juglone > 1,4-NQ > plumbagin >DMNQ ~ 2-MNQ > menadione, although this order varied somewhat depending on the experimental conditions.

Gender Essentialism Predicts Prejudice against Gender Nonconformity in Two Cultural Contexts.

Gender-nonconforming children face a substantial amount of prejudice, making it important to investigate potential contributing factors. In a correlational study of 253 U.S.

Memory biases for gender-typed images in a gender-diverse group of children.

Self-socialization accounts of gender development suggest that children attend more to people of their own gender, activities associated with their own gender and stereotype-consistent examples in their environment. Evidence comes from research showing children's memory biases for such stimuli. This study sought to replicate these memory biases in 367 6- to 11-year-old transgender, cisgender and nonbinary children.

Gender identity importance in cisgender and gender diverse adolescents in the US and Canada.

Transgender adolescents often categorize themselves in the same way that cisgender adolescents do-that is, as girls/women and boys/men. Potential differences in the extent to which these self-categorizations matter to transgender and cisgender adolescents, however, have yet to be explored, as has the relative importance transgender adolescents place on their gender compared to their transgender self-categorization. In the current study, we explored self-reported identity importance in a sample of 392 primarily White (70%) and multiracial/ethnic (20%) 12-18-year-old (M = 15.

Early Impressions and Adoption of the AtriAmp for Managing Arrhythmias Following Congenital Heart Surgery.

Objective: AtriAmp is a new medical device that displays a continuous real-time atrial electrogram on telemetry using temporary atrial pacing leads. Our objective was to evaluate early adoption of this device into patient care, understand how it affected clinical workflow, and identify unforeseen benefits or limitations.

Design: Qualitative study using inductive analysis of semi-structured interviews to identify dominant themes.

Flexibility in continuous judgments of gender/sex and race.

Across six preregistered studies ( = 1,292; recruited from university subject pools and Prolific Academic), we investigate how face perception along the dimensions of gender/sex and race can vary based on immediate contextual information as well as personal experience. In Studies 1a and 1b, we find that when placing stimuli along a continuum from male to female, cisgender participants sort prototypical gender/sex faces in a bimodal fashion and show less consensus and greater error when placing faces of intermediate gender/sex. We replicate and extend these findings to race in Study 2.

Real-Time Digital Feedback Device and Simulated Newborn Ventilation Quality.

Objectives: Effective bag-valve-mask ventilation is critical for reducing perinatal asphyxia-related neonatal deaths; however, providers often fail to achieve and maintain effective ventilation. The Augmented Infant Resuscitator (AIR) attaches to bag-valve-masks and provides visual feedback on air leaks, blocked airways, harsh breaths, and improper ventilatory rates. We evaluated the effect of this real-time-digital feedback on ventilation quality and the effective determination of airway integrity in a randomized controlled study in Uganda and the United States.

Parent and self-socialization of gender intergroup attitudes, perceptions, and behaviors among ethnically and geographically diverse young children.

Previous work has shown the robust nature of gender bias in both children and adults. However, much less attention has been paid toward understanding what factors shape these biases. The current preregistered study used parent surveys and child interviews to test whether parents' conversations with their children about and modeling of gender intergroup relations and/or children's self-guided interests about gender (self-socialization) contribute to the formation of gender attitudes, status perceptions, and gender intergroup behaviors among young 4- to 6-year-old children.

Gender Development in Gender Diverse Children.

Within "mainstream" developmental science, gender researchers largely study the developmental trajectory of children considered to be "gender-typical", while research housed primarily in psychiatry and clinical psychology often documents the trajectories of gender diverse children. This article aims to bridge the studies of gender diversity and "mainstream" gender development. First, we review literature on the development of four commonly studied subgroups of gender diverse children - children referred to medical clinics because of their gender identity and expression, transgender children, female children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and tomboys - highlighting how these gender trajectories do or do not align with modal developmental patterns.

Between a boy and a girl: Measuring gender identity on a continuum.

Studies of gender development typically use binary, discrete measures of identity. However, growing literature indicates that some children might not identify with a binary gender. We tested a continuous measure of felt gender identity with gender-nonconforming children, socially-transitioned transgender children, cisgender siblings, and unrelated cisgender children.

Always enough but never too much: the how and why of downregulating tissue oxygenation.

Cardiovascular regulation of tissue oxygenation is generally viewed as an anti-drop process that prevents tissue oxygen concentration from falling below some minimum. I propose that cardiovascular regulation is predominately an anti-rise process designed to downregulate oxygen delivery. This maintains an evolutionarily conserved, reduced intracellular environment to prevent oxidation of redox-sensitive regulatory protein thiols.

Oxidation of Hydrogen Sulfide to Polysulfide and Thiosulfate by a Carbon Nanozyme: Therapeutic Implications with an Emphasis on Down Syndrome.

Hydrogen sulfide (H S) is a noxious, potentially poisonous, but necessary gas produced from sulfur metabolism in humans. In Down Syndrome (DS), the production of H S is elevated and associated with degraded mitochondrial function. Therefore, removing H S from the body as a stable oxide could be an approach to reducing the deleterious effects of H S in DS.

Redox and Nucleophilic Reactions of Naphthoquinones with Small Thiols and Their Effects on Oxidization of HS to Inorganic and Organic Hydropolysulfides and Thiosulfate.

Naphthoquinone (1,4-NQ) and its derivatives (NQs, juglone, plumbagin, 2-methoxy-1,4-NQ, and menadione) have a variety of therapeutic applications, many of which are attributed to redox cycling and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). We previously demonstrated that NQs also oxidize hydrogen sulfide (HS) to reactive sulfur species (RSS), potentially conveying identical benefits. Here we use RSS-specific fluorophores, mass spectroscopy, EPR and UV-Vis spectrometry, and oxygen-sensitive optodes to examine the effects of thiols and thiol-NQ adducts on HS-NQ reactions.