Cylindrical compression of thin wires by irradiation with a Joule-class short-pulse laser.

Equation of state measurements at Jovian or stellar conditions are currently conducted by dynamic shock compression driven by multi-kilojoule multi-beam nanosecond-duration lasers. These experiments require precise design of the target and specific tailoring of the spatial and temporal laser profiles to reach the highest pressures. At the same time, the studies are limited by the low repetition rate of the lasers.

(Sub-)Picosecond Surface Correlations of Femtosecond Laser Excited Al-Coated Multilayers Observed by Grazing-Incidence X-ray Scattering.

Femtosecond high-intensity laser pulses at intensities surpassing 10 W/cm can generate a diverse range of functional surface nanostructures. Achieving precise control over the production of these functional structures necessitates a thorough understanding of the surface morphology dynamics with nanometer-scale spatial resolution and picosecond-scale temporal resolution. In this study, we show that single XFEL pulses can elucidate structural changes on surfaces induced by laser-generated plasmas using grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS).

Feasibility of an Integrated Telemonitoring System for Home-Recorded EEG with Automated AI-Based EEG Analysis.

Background: Self-recorded EEG by patients at home might present a viable alternative to inpatient epilepsy evaluations.

Objectives And Methods: We developed a novel telemonitoring system comprising seamlessly integrated hard- and software with automated AI-based EEG analysis.

Results: The first complete study participation results demonstrate feasibility and clinical utility.

Idiopathic generalized epilepsies in the epilepsy monitoring unit: Systematic quantification of focal EEG and semiological signs.

Objective: Focal seizure symptoms (FSS) and focal interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) are common in patients with idiopathic generalized epilepsies (IGEs), but dedicated studies systematically quantifying them both are lacking. We used automatic IED detection and localization algorithms and correlated these EEG findings with clinical FSS for the first time in IGE patients.

Methods: 32 patients with IGEs undergoing long-term video EEG monitoring were systematically analyzed regarding focal vs.

Geothermometry of calcite spar at 10-50 °C.

Carbonate geothermometry is a fundamental tool for quantitative assessment of the geothermal and geochemical evolution of diagenetic and hydrothermal systems, but it remains difficult to obtain accurate and precise formation temperatures of low-temperature calcite samples (below ~ 40 to 60 °C). Here, we apply three geothermometry methods (∆-thermometry, nucleation-assisted fluid inclusion microthermometry-hereafter NA-FIM-and oxygen isotope thermometry) to slow-growing subaqueous calcite spar samples to cross-validate these methods down to 10 °C. Temperatures derived by NA-FIM and Δ-thermometry agree within the 95% confidence interval, except for one sample.

DICOM® integrated EEG data: A first clinical implementation of the new DICOM standard for neurophysiology data.

Objective: Demonstrating a pilot implementation of the Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine (DICOM) neurophysiology standard published in 2020.

Methods: An automated workflow for converting EEG data from a proprietary vendor EEG format to standardized and interoperable DICOM format was developed and tested.

Results: Retrieval of proprietary EEG data, associated videos, annotations and metadata from the vendor EEG archive and their subsequent conversion to DICOM EEG was possible without changes to the departmental workflow.

Ultra-short pulse laser acceleration of protons to 80 MeV from cryogenic hydrogen jets tailored to near-critical density.

Laser plasma-based particle accelerators attract great interest in fields where conventional accelerators reach limits based on size, cost or beam parameters. Despite the fact that particle in cell simulations have predicted several advantageous ion acceleration schemes, laser accelerators have not yet reached their full potential in producing simultaneous high-radiation doses at high particle energies. The most stringent limitation is the lack of a suitable high-repetition rate target that also provides a high degree of control of the plasma conditions required to access these advanced regimes.

First Clinical Experiences with the New DICOM Neurophysiology Standard.

Background: Exchange of EEG data among institutions is complicated due to vendor-specific proprietary EEG file formats. The DICOM standard, which has long been used for storage and exchange of imaging studies, was expanded to store neurophysiology data in 2020.

Objectives: To implement DICOM as an interoperable and vendor-independent storage format for EEG recordings in the Clinic Hietzing.

Enhanced ion acceleration from transparency-driven foils demonstrated at two ultraintense laser facilities.

Laser-driven ion sources are a rapidly developing technology producing high energy, high peak current beams. Their suitability for applications, such as compact medical accelerators, motivates development of robust acceleration schemes using widely available repetitive ultraintense femtosecond lasers. These applications not only require high beam energy, but also place demanding requirements on the source stability and controllability.

Pathophysiological Gaps, Diagnostic Challenges, and Uncertainties in Cardiac Sarcoidosis.

Cardiac sarcoidosis can mimic any cardiomyopathy in different stages. Noncaseating granulomatous inflammation can be missed, because of the nonhomogeneous distribution in the heart. The current diagnostic criteria show discrepancies and are partly nonspecific and insensitive.

Relational local electroencephalography representations for sleep scoring.

Computational sleep scoring from multimodal neurophysiological time-series (polysomnography PSG) has achieved impressive clinical success. Models that use only a single electroencephalographic (EEG) channel from PSG have not yet received the same clinical recognition, since they lack Rapid Eye Movement (REM) scoring quality. The question whether this lack can be remedied at all remains an important one.

Off-harmonic optical probing of high intensity laser plasma expansion dynamics in solid density hydrogen jets.

Due to the non-linear nature of relativistic laser induced plasma processes, the development of laser-plasma accelerators requires precise numerical modeling. Especially high intensity laser-solid interactions are sensitive to the temporal laser rising edge and the predictive capability of simulations suffers from incomplete information on the plasma state at the onset of the relativistic interaction. Experimental diagnostics utilizing ultra-fast optical backlighters can help to ease this challenge by providing temporally resolved inside into the plasma density evolution.

Seizure detection with deep neural networks for review of two-channel electroencephalogram.

Ultra-long-term electroencephalographic (EEG) registration using minimally invasive low-channel devices is an emerging technology to assess sporadic seizure events. Highly sensitive automatic seizure detection algorithms are needed for semiautomatic evaluation of these prolonged recordings. We describe the design and validation of a deep neural network for two-channel seizure detection.

Use of PET-CT in diagnostic workup of periprosthetic infection of hip and knee joints: significance in detecting additional infectious focus.

Introduction: The diagnosis and management of periprosthetic knee and hip infections as well as the identification and management of possible additional infectious foci is of great importance for successful therapy. This study analyses the importance of F deoxyglucose PET-CT (PET-CT) in the identification of additional infectious focus and subsequent impact on management of periprosthetic infection (PPI).

Material And Methods: A retrospective analysis of the clinical data and findings in the period from January 2008 to December 2018 was carried out.

InterCarb: A Community Effort to Improve Interlaboratory Standardization of the Carbonate Clumped Isotope Thermometer Using Carbonate Standards.

Increased use and improved methodology of carbonate clumped isotope thermometry has greatly enhanced our ability to interrogate a suite of Earth-system processes. However, interlaboratory discrepancies in quantifying carbonate clumped isotope (Δ) measurements persist, and their specific sources remain unclear. To address interlaboratory differences, we first provide consensus values from the clumped isotope community for four carbonate standards relative to heated and equilibrated gases with 1,819 individual analyses from 10 laboratories.

Proton beam quality enhancement by spectral phase control of a PW-class laser system.

We report on experimental investigations of proton acceleration from solid foils irradiated with PW-class laser-pulses, where highest proton cut-off energies were achieved for temporal pulse parameters that varied significantly from those of an ideally Fourier transform limited (FTL) pulse. Controlled spectral phase modulation of the driver laser by means of an acousto-optic programmable dispersive filter enabled us to manipulate the temporal shape of the last picoseconds around the main pulse and to study the effect on proton acceleration from thin foil targets. The results show that applying positive third order dispersion values to short pulses is favourable for proton acceleration and can lead to maximum energies of 70 MeV in target normal direction at 18 J laser energy for thin plastic foils, significantly enhancing the maximum energy compared to ideally compressed FTL pulses.

Mirror to measure small angle x-ray scattering signal in high energy density experiments.

Small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) is a well established technique to detect nanometer scale structures in matter. In a typical setup, this diagnostic uses a detector with a direct line of sight to the scattering target. However, in the harsh environment of high intensity laser interaction, intense secondary radiation and high-energy particles are generated.

Deep learning for estimation of functional brain maturation from EEG of premature neonates.

EEG monitoring of early brain function and development in neonatal intensive care units may help to identify infants with high risk of serious neurological impairment and to assess brain maturation for evaluation of neurodevelopmental progress. Automated analysis of EEG data makes continuous evaluation of brain activity fast and accessible. A convolutional neural network (CNN) for regression of EEG maturational age of premature neonates from marginally preprocessed serial EEG recordings is proposed.

Femtosecond laser produced periodic plasma in a colloidal crystal probed by XFEL radiation.

With the rapid development of short-pulse intense laser sources, studies of matter under extreme irradiation conditions enter further unexplored regimes. In addition, an application of X-ray Free-Electron Lasers (XFELs) delivering intense femtosecond X-ray pulses, allows to investigate sample evolution in IR pump - X-ray probe experiments with an unprecedented time resolution. Here we present a detailed study of the periodic plasma created from the colloidal crystal.

A comparison of isotope ratio mass spectrometry and cavity ring-down spectroscopy techniques for isotope analysis of fluid inclusion water.

Rationale: Online oxygen (δ O) and hydrogen (δ H) isotope analysis of fluid inclusion water entrapped in minerals is widely applied in paleo-fluid studies. In the state of the art of fluid inclusion isotope research, however, there is a scarcity of reported inter-technique comparisons to account for possible analytical offsets. Along with improving analytical precisions and sample size limitations, interlaboratory comparisons can lead to a more robust application of fluid inclusion isotope records.

An artificial intelligence-based EEG algorithm for detection of epileptiform EEG discharges: Validation against the diagnostic gold standard.

Objective: To validate an artificial intelligence-based computer algorithm for detection of epileptiform EEG discharges (EDs) and subsequent identification of patients with epilepsy.

Methods: We developed an algorithm for automatic detection of EDs, based on a novel deep learning method that requires a low amount of labeled EEG data for training. Detected EDs are automatically grouped into clusters, consisting of the same type of EDs, for rapid visual inspection.

Geochemistry of Vein Calcites Hosted in the Troodos Pillow Lavas and Their Implications for the Timing and Physicochemical Environment of Fracturing, Fluid Circulation, and Vein Mineral Growth.

Calcite veins hosted in pillow lavas of the Late Cretaceous Troodos suprasubduction zone ophiolite provide insights into the timing and physicochemical environment of postmagmatic fracturing and fluid circulation through oceanic crust. This study presents rare earth element and yttrium (REE+Y) concentrations, δC, δO, Sr/Sr, and clumped isotopic (Δ) compositions of vein calcites in order to investigate their fluid sources, formation temperatures, and precipitation ages. These geochemical data are combined with microtextural analyses.

Laser Absorption Spectroscopy of Rare and Doubly Substituted Carbon Dioxide Isotopologues.

Unambiguous detection of the clumped carbon dioxide isotopologue COO with isotope ratio mass spectrometry is difficult due to isobaric interference on / = 47. We present an analytical technique based on direct absorption laser spectroscopy for precise, direct and simultaneous detection of all isotopologues involved in the isotope exchange reaction CO + COO ↔ COO + CO and of COO. The achieved precision of 2 × 10 for the COO/CO and COO/CO isotopologue ratios allows the equilibrium constant of the isotope exchange reaction to be determined with an external reproducibility of better than 2 × 10 (1σ) after 9 reference-sample comparisons.