Proton Hopping in Living Systems.

This review focuses on the two-century-old concept of proton hopping. Introduced in 1806 by Grotthuss, it has evolved into an explanation of great diversity in describing many functions in living systems. It is a process involving water, which expands on the belief that life exists only in the presence of water.

Genotoxicity Expert Panel review: weight of evidence evaluation of the genotoxicity of glyphosate, glyphosate-based formulations, and aminomethylphosphonic acid.

In 2015, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) published a monograph concluding there was strong evidence for genotoxicity of glyphosate and glyphosate formulations and moderate evidence for genotoxicity of the metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA). These conclusions contradicted earlier extensive reviews supporting the lack of genotoxicity of glyphosate and glyphosate formulations. The IARC Monograph concluded there was strong evidence of induction of oxidative stress by glyphosate, glyphosate formulations, and AMPA.

A review of the carcinogenic potential of glyphosate by four independent expert panels and comparison to the IARC assessment.

The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) published a monograph in 2015 concluding that glyphosate is "probably carcinogenic to humans" (Group 2A) based on limited evidence in humans and sufficient evidence in experimental animals. It was also concluded that there was strong evidence of genotoxicity and oxidative stress. Four Expert Panels have been convened for the purpose of conducting a detailed critique of the evidence in light of IARC's assessment and to review all relevant information pertaining to glyphosate exposure, animal carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, and epidemiologic studies.

Proton Hopping as the Nerve Conduction Message.

Background: The article proposes a new concept explaining nerve conduction information. The conduction is based upon proton hopping, the fastest known chemical reaction. A summary of the proton hopping at several parts of the nerve structure are described.

Nerve Conduction Through Dendrites via Proton Hopping.

Background: In our previous studies of nerve conduction conducted by proton hopping, we have considered the axon, soma, synapse and the nodes of Ranvier. The role of proton hopping described the passage of information through each of these units of a typical nerve system. The synapse projects information from the axon to the dendrite and their associated spines.

A Model of Information Carried over a Neuron Soma.

A series of cellular automata models of amino acid side chains on a neuron soma membrane have been created to simulate their hydropathic influences on adjacent water molecules. The presence of pathways, referred to as water wires, is identified. These pathways are invoked as passage ways across a neuron soma of proton hopping carrying the information from dendrites to the axon hillock.

Modeling Bacterial Infection Phenomena.

A series of cellular automata models of bacteria were created, where encounters with models of the immune system and a model of an antibiotic drug were present. The dose of the antibiotic, its potency and the timeliness of its administration were variables. The emergence of antibiotic resistance by the bacteria was an outcome associated with the administration of the drug.

Enhanced Action Potential Passage Through the Node of Ranvier of Myelinated Axons via Proton Hopping.

Nerve impulses travel along myelinated axons as much as 300-fold faster than they do along unmyelinated axons. Myelination is essential for normal nervous system behavior in vertebrates as illustrated by leukodystrophies, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or multiple sclerosis (MS), where myelin is degenerated or damaged. The increased conduction velocity that occurs in myelinated axons is dependent on gaps in the myelin called Nodes of Ranvier that are enriched in ion channels.

Review of genotoxicity biomonitoring studies of glyphosate-based formulations.

Abstract Human and environmental genotoxicity biomonitoring studies involving exposure to glyphosate-based formulations (GBFs) were reviewed to complement an earlier review of experimental genotoxicity studies of glyphosate and GBFs. The environmental and most of the human biomonitoring studies were not informative because there was either a very low frequency of GBF exposure or exposure to a large number of pesticides without analysis of specific pesticide effects. One pesticide sprayer biomonitoring study indicated there was not a statistically significant relationship between frequency of GBF exposure reported for the last spraying season and oxidative DNA damage.

The creation of proton hopping from a drug-receptor encounter.

We extend recent modeling studies of proton hopping, used to describe the functioning of membrane channels and axon nerve conduction, to offer an explanation of the initiation of the nerve impulse at an effector-ligand encounter. This encounter is proposed to create a hydronium ion in the vicinity of the effector and ligand, which leads to a continuous flow of protons, called proton hopping, through water adjacent to this encounter. This proton hopping is proposed to be the message carried from the encounter to the axon of a particular nerve system associated with that particular effector-ligand system.

An expanded cellular automata model for enantiomer separations using a β-cyclodextrin stationary phase.

Chromatographic scale enantiomer separation has not been modeled using cellular automata (CA). CA uses easy to adjust equations to different enantiomers under various chromatographic conditions. Previous work has demonstrated that CA modeling can accurately predict the strength of one-to-one binding interactions between enantiomers and β-cyclodextrin (CD) [1].

Proton hopping: a proposed mechanism for myelinated axon nerve impulses.

Myelinated axon nerve impulses travel 100 times more rapidly than impulses in non-myelinated axons. Increased speed is currently believed to be due to 'hopping' or 'saltatory propagation' along the axon, but the mechanism by which impulses flow has never been adequately explained. We have used modeling approaches to simulate a role for proton hopping in the space between the plasma membrane and myelin sheath as the mechanism of nerve action-potential flow.

Safety assessment of food and feed from biotechnology-derived crops employing RNA-mediated gene regulation to achieve desired traits: a scientific review.

Gene expression can be modulated in plants to produce desired traits through agricultural biotechnology. Currently, biotechnology-derived crops are compared to their conventional counterparts, with safety assessments conducted on the genetic modification and the intended and unintended differences. This review proposes that this comparative safety assessment paradigm is appropriate for plants modified to express mediators of RNA-mediated gene regulation, including RNA interference (RNAi), a gene suppression mechanism that naturally occurs in plants and animals.

A cellular automata model of proton hopping down a channel.

Proton hopping is the process where a H-atom on a hydronium ion forms a H-bond with the O-atom of a neighboring H(2)O molecule. There is then an exchange of bonding forces when that covalent bond of the H-atom in the hydronium ion changes to a H-bond, and the previous H-bond changes to a covalent bond with the neighboring O-atom. The neighboring molecule now becomes a hydronium (H(3)O(+)) ion.

Review of genotoxicity studies of glyphosate and glyphosate-based formulations.

An earlier review of the toxicity of glyphosate and the original Roundup™-branded formulation concluded that neither glyphosate nor the formulation poses a risk for the production of heritable/somatic mutations in humans. The present review of subsequent genotoxicity publications and regulatory studies of glyphosate and glyphosate-based formulations (GBFs) incorporates all of the findings into a weight of evidence for genotoxicity. An overwhelming preponderance of negative results in well-conducted bacterial reversion and in vivo mammalian micronucleus and chromosomal aberration assays indicates that glyphosate and typical GBFs are not genotoxic in these core assays.

Effect of initial temperature on water aggregation at a cold surface.

Cellular automata models of water at two initial temperatures were created. Each model was exposed to a freezing surface. The formation of fully bonded water cells, f(4), was observed over time, beginning with a model of initially warm water and with initially cool water.

A cellular automata model of enantiomer binding strengths to β-cyclodextrin.

As yet, the analytical process of chromatographic enantiomer separation has not been modeled using cellular automata (CA). This approach uses mathematical systems that are easily adaptable to different enantiomer analytical binding interactions. A CA model of analyte to cyclodextrin (CD) interaction accurately (R(2)=0.

A core process in receptor function, general anesthesia, sleep, and aging.

The diffusion of ligands and proteins was proposed to be guided by chreodes in water organized by protein-surface side chains with varying hydropathic states. These chreodes are proposed to be the target of volatile general anesthetic agents. The similarity between this effect and sleep deprivation leads to a proposal of an external agent responsible for sleep.