Exploring optimal microscopic keyhole access to the skull base: an anatomical evaluation of transciliary supraorbital and transpalpebral orbitofrontal craniotomy approaches.

Purpose: The past two decades have witnessed the rise of keyhole microscopic minimally invasive surgeries, including the transciliary supraorbital approach (TCA) and transpalpebral approach (TPA), commonly known as the transorbital approach. This study aims to elucidate the nuances, specific indications, and advantages of each approach.

Methods: A series of dissections were conducted on five formalin-fixed, alcohol-preserved cadaver heads.

The Impact of Perilesional Heatsink Structures on Ablation Volumes in Laser Interstitial Thermal Therapy for Brain Metastases.

Background And Objectives: Laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT) has demonstrated promise in surgical neuro-oncology because of its effectiveness in delivering precise thermal energy to lesions. The extent of ablation (EOA) is a prognostic factor in improving patient outcomes but is often affected by perilesional heatsink structures, which can lead to asymmetric ablations. The purpose of this study was to quantitatively evaluate the impact of various perilesional heatsink structures on the EOA in LITT for brain metastases.

Effect of Plate Inclination and Osteotomy Positioning on Rock-back following Tibial Plateau Levelling Osteotomy in Dogs.

Objective:  Rock-back is a reported complication following tibial plateau levelling osteotomy (TPLO), whereby tibial plateau angle (TPA) increases postoperatively. The mechanism of rock-back is not fully understood, although a recent investigation demonstrated that osteotomy exit cut angle (ECA) and inclination of the plate in the sagittal plane might be risk factors. The purpose of this study was to explore these relationships in a clinical dog population.

Comparative analysis of bevacizumab and LITT for treating radiation necrosis in previously radiated CNS neoplasms: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Purpose: Radiation necrosis (RN) is a local inflammatory reaction that arises in response to radiation injury and may cause significant morbidity. This study aims to evaluate and compare the efficacy of bevacizumab and laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT) in treating RN in patients with previously radiated central nervous system (CNS) neoplasms.

Methods: PubMed, Cochrane, Scopus, and EMBASE databases were screened.

Surgical Posture with Microscopic Versus Exoscopic Visualization in Anterior Cervical Procedures.

Background: Surgeons sustain deviated postures during procedures even with the use of loupes or an operative microscope. The surgical exoscope is a new intraoperative visualization technology designed to improve surgical ergonomics; however, no objective data exist to say that surgeon posture is significantly improved. This study aimed to quantify the difference in posture during standard anterior cervical spine procedures performed with the aid of an operative microscope versus an exoscope.

Chiari Malformation Type 1 and Semi-Sitting Position-A Suitable Alternative for Patients with High BMI.

Objective: Chiari I malformation results from a mismatch between the posterior fossa bones and neural components. Management usually relies on surgical treatment. Despite being the most common assumed positioning, the prone position can be challenging in high body mass index (BMI) patients (>40 kg/m).

Frontotemporal Orbitozygomatic Transcavernous Approach: Stepwise Cadaveric Dissection for a Safe Corridor.

 Advances in skull base surgery have increased the need for a detailed understanding of skull base anatomy and its intrinsic relationship to surrounding structures. This has resulted in an improvement in patient outcomes. The frontotemporal orbitozygomatic (FTOZ) transcavernous approach (TCA) is an excellent option for treating complex lesions involving multiple compartments of the skull base, including the sellar and parasellar, third ventricle, orbit, and petroclival region.

Endoscopic endonasal optic nerve sheath decompression (EONSD) for idiopathic intracranial hypertension: Technical details and meta-analysis.

Background: The neurosurgical management of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) remains controversial. Although shunting and newer endovascular stenting techniques are part of the neurosurgical armamentarium to treat medically refractory IIH symptoms, optic nerve sheath fenestration has traditionally been performed by ophthalmologists.

Objective: We present a detailed cadaveric dissection that simulates the endoscopic endonasal optic nerve sheath decompression (EONSD) technique along with the literature review.

Influence of extreme brachycephalic conformation on perioperative complications associated with total ear canal ablation and lateral bulla osteotomy in 242 dogs (2010-2020).

Objective: To determine the influence of extreme brachycephalic conformation on presenting signs, imaging findings, intraoperative and perioperative complications following total ear canal ablation and lateral bulla osteotomy (TECA-LBO).

Study Design: Cross-sectional retrospective study.

Animals: A total of 306 (n = 242 dogs) TECA-LBOs (extreme brachycephalic breeds [EBB] = 81, other breeds [OB] = 225).

Anatomical Description and Literature Review of the Endoscopic Endonasal Transclival Transodontoid Approach Combined with Endoscopic Transoral Decompression to the Anterior Craniovertebral Junction: A New Strategy.

Objective: To describe and evaluate the steps required to perform a combined endoscopic endonasal/transoral transclival transodontoid approach for anterior decompression of the craniovertebral junction.

Methods: The endoscopic endonasal transclival transodontoid approach combined with endoscopic transoral decompression was performed on 4 cadaveric specimens. Evaluation of this combined technique; a review of the literature; and the nuances, advantages, and pitfalls are reported.

Short- to mid-term outcome and complications of closing tibial wedge osteotomy using anatomically contoured locking compression plates in small to medium breed dogs.

The objective of this retrospective case series was to report overall peri-operative complications, short- to mid-term outcome, and owner satisfaction of closing tibial wedge osteotomy (CTWO) using locking compression plates, in dogs weighing ≤ 20 kg, for the treatment of cranial cruciate ligament disease. Medical records from 2015 to 2020 were reviewed for surgical technique, intraoperative findings, and complications. Pre- and postoperative radiographs were evaluated for healing, complications, and tibial plateau angles (TPAs).

Regulation of CD4 T Cell Responses by the Transcription Factor Eomesodermin.

Central to the impacts of CD4 T cells, both positive in settings of infectious disease and cancer and negative in the settings of autoimmunity and allergy, is their ability to differentiate into distinct effector subsets with specialized functions. The programming required to support such responses is largely dictated by lineage-specifying transcription factors, often called 'master regulators'. However, it is increasingly clear that many aspects of CD4 T cell immunobiology that can determine the outcomes of disease states involve a broader transcriptional network.

Wide Dissection Trans-Sulcal Approach for Resection of Deep Intra-Axial Lesions in Eloquent Brain Areas.

Resection of intra-axial tumors (IaT) in eloquent brain regions risks major postoperative neurological deficits. Awake craniotomy is often used to navigate these areas; however, some patients are ineligible for awake procedures. The trans-sulcal approach (TScal) was introduced to reduce parenchymal trauma during tumor resection.

Prognostic indicators of short-term outcome in dogs undergoing surgery for brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome.

Background: The aims of this study were to assess the impact of epidemiological variables, severity of presurgical respiratory signs, diagnostic findings from pharyngeal and laryngeal examination using a new grading scheme and CT scan images, on postsurgical outcome in dogs undergoing surgery for brachycephalic obstruction airway syndrome (BOAS).

Methods: An owner-based questionnaire was used to grade dogs based on their respiratory signs before surgery and at least six weeks after surgery. Epidemiological data and results from presurgical pharyngeal and laryngeal examination and CT scan findings for 75 dogs undergoing airway surgery were collected from the medical records.

Management of Atopic Dermatitis in Children Younger Than Two Years of Age by Community Pediatricians: A Survey and Chart Review.

Objectives: To characterize primary care providers' (PCPs) practice patterns for atopic dermatitis (AD) in children <2 years old and determine the need for AD guidelines for PCPs focused on this age group.

Study Design: This is a mixed-methods study consisting of a survey and a retrospective medical record review of PCP practices in the Chicago metropolitan area. The survey was analyzed using both quantitative and qualitative methods.

Success Rates for Reduction of Pediatric Distal Radius and Ulna Fractures by Emergency Physicians.

Background: Emergency physicians are trained in urgent fracture reduction. Many hospitals lack readily available in-house orthopedic coverage.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine success rates for reduction of pediatric distal radius or ulna fractures by emergency department (ED) physicians.

Relationship between brachycephalic airway syndrome and gastrointestinal signs in three breeds of dog.

Objectives: To assess the breed-specific prevalence of, and effects of corrective airway surgery on, gastrointestinal signs in French bulldogs, English bulldogs and pugs presenting with brachycephalic airway syndrome to a referral teaching hospital.

Materials And Methods: In this retrospective study, ptyalism, regurgitation and vomiting were graded at presentation using a previously established scoring system. Staphylectomy and nares resection were performed on all dogs.

Complications following laryngeal sacculectomy in brachycephalic dogs.

Objectives: To evaluate the effect of sacculectomy on the immediate postoperative complication rate in dogs affected with brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome.

Materials And Methods: Retrospective review of clinical records of brachycephalic dogs with everted saccules that underwent surgery for brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome between 2009 and 2014. Dogs were grouped as those having nares resection and staphylectomy only and those having nares resection, staphylectomy and laryngeal sacculectomy.

Intoxication from the novel synthetic cannabinoids AB-PINACA and ADB-PINACA: A case series and review of the literature.

Synthetic cannabinoids (SC), are a novel class of designer drugs which emerged as a drug of abuse in the late 2000's. We report a case series of 6 patients who may have smoked a synthetic cannabinoid product in a remote wilderness setting. They presented with varying degrees of altered mental status, agitation, and seizures.

Bridging length scales to measure polymer assembly.

Time-resolvable quantitative measurements of polymer concentration are very useful to elucidate protein polymerization pathways. There are numerous techniques to measure polymer concentrations in purified protein solutions, but few are applicable in vivo. Here we develop a methodology combining microscopy and spectroscopy to overcome the limitations of both approaches for measuring polymer concentration in cells and cell extracts.

Developing and Testing a Bayesian Analysis of Fluorescence Lifetime Measurements.

FRET measurements can provide dynamic spatial information on length scales smaller than the diffraction limit of light. Several methods exist to measure FRET between fluorophores, including Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy (FLIM), which relies on the reduction of fluorescence lifetime when a fluorophore is undergoing FRET. FLIM measurements take the form of histograms of photon arrival times, containing contributions from a mixed population of fluorophores both undergoing and not undergoing FRET, with the measured distribution being a mixture of exponentials of different lifetimes.

COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC, RADIOGRAPHIC, AND ENDOSCOPIC TRACHEAL DIMENSIONS IN ENGLISH BULLDOGS WITH GRADE 1 CLINICAL SIGNS OF BRACHYCEPHALIC AIRWAY SYNDROME.

Tracheal hypoplasia is commonly seen in English Bulldogs affected with brachycephalic airway syndrome. Previously published diagnostic criteria for tracheal hypoplasia in this breed have been a radiographic tracheal diameter:tracheal inlet ratio (TD:TI) < 0.12 or a tracheal diameter:third rib diameter ratio (TD:3R) < 2.