Keeping your eye on the rail: gaze behaviour of horse riders approaching a jump.

The gaze behaviour of riders during their approach to a jump was investigated using a mobile eye tracking device (ASL Mobile Eye). The timing, frequency and duration of fixations on the jump and the percentage of time when their point of gaze (POG) was located elsewhere were assessed. Fixations were identified when the POG remained on the jump for 100 ms or longer.

Diversity among principal and GABAergic neurons of the anterior olfactory nucleus.

Understanding the cellular components of neural circuits is an essential step in discerning regional function. The anterior olfactory nucleus (AON) is reciprocally connected to both the ipsi- and contralateral olfactory bulb (OB) and piriform cortex (PC), and, as a result, can broadly influence the central processing of odor information. While both the AON and PC are simple cortical structures, the regions differ in many ways including their general organization, internal wiring and synaptic connections with other brain areas.

A line drawn along the radial shaft misses the capitellum in 16% of radiographs of normal elbows.

Background: The radiocapitellar line (RCL) is a routinely referenced radiographic measurement for evaluating injury of the pediatric elbow, such as a Monteggia fracture. It is most commonly described as a line drawn along the radius that should intercept the center of the capitellum in a normal elbow. However, the RCL has not been rigorously defined or validated in young children.

Bleb-driven chemotaxis of Dictyostelium cells.

Blebs and F-actin-driven pseudopods are alternative ways of extending the leading edge of migrating cells. We show that Dictyostelium cells switch from using predominantly pseudopods to blebs when migrating under agarose overlays of increasing stiffness. Blebs expand faster than pseudopods leaving behind F-actin scars, but are less persistent.

Combination treatment with mirabegron and solifenacin in patients with overactive bladder: efficacy and safety results from a randomised, double-blind, dose-ranging, phase 2 study (Symphony).

Background: Combining the β3-adrenoceptor agonist mirabegron and the antimuscarinic (AM) agent solifenacin may improve efficacy in the treatment of overactive bladder (OAB) while reducing the AM side effects.

Objective: The primary objective was to evaluate the efficacy of combinations of solifenacin/mirabegron compared with solifenacin 5mg monotherapy. The secondary objective was to explore the dose-response relationship and the safety/tolerability compared with placebo and monotherapy.

A PIP5 kinase essential for efficient chemotactic signaling.

In neutrophils and Dictyostelium, chemoattractant gradients generate directed cell migration by eliciting signaling events that bias intrinsic motility and favor the production and retention of upgradient pseudopods. Phosphoinositides are actively regulated during chemotaxis in these cells, most iconically in the production of PI(3,4,5)P3 gradients within the plasma membrane. Although it is now known that PI(3,4,5)P3 signaling is nonessential for gradient sensing, the role of the related phosphoinositide PI(4,5)P2 is little understood, despite its clear importance in many cell biological processes.

Biogeography in deep time - What do phylogenetics, geology, and paleoclimate tell us about early platyrrhine evolution?

Molecular data have converged on a consensus about the genus-level phylogeny of extant platyrrhine monkeys, but for most extinct taxa and certainly for those older than the Pleistocene we must rely upon morphological evidence from fossils. This raises the question as to how well anatomical data mirror molecular phylogenies and how best to deal with discrepancies between the molecular and morphological data as we seek to extend our phylogenies to the placement of fossil taxa. Here I present parsimony-based phylogenetic analyses of extant and fossil platyrrhines based on an anatomical dataset of 399 dental characters and osteological features of the cranium and postcranium.

Cannabis for therapeutic purposes: patient characteristics, access, and reasons for use.

Background: The authorized and unauthorized use of cannabis for therapeutic purposes (CTP) has increased dramatically in recent years, and physicians have called for further research to better clarify the parameters of effective and appropriate use. We report findings from a large cross-sectional study of the use of CTP in Canada and compare use across medical conditions and across authorized and unauthorized users.

Methods: We examined cannabis use history, medical conditions and symptoms, patterns of current use of CTP, modes of access and perceived effectiveness among 628 self-selected Canadians consumers of CTP.

Adenovirus-mediated gene therapy with sitimagene ceradenovec followed by intravenous ganciclovir for patients with operable high-grade glioma (ASPECT): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial.

Background: Besides the use of temozolomide and radiotherapy for patients with favourable methylation status, little progress has been made in the treatment of adult glioblastoma. Local control of the disease by complete removal increases time to progression and survival. We assessed the efficacy and safety of a locally applied adenovirus-mediated gene therapy with a prodrug converting enzyme (herpes-simplex-virus thymidine kinase; sitimagene ceradenovec) followed by intravenous ganciclovir in patients with newly diagnosed resectable glioblastoma.

Two distinct functions for PI3-kinases in macropinocytosis.

Class-1 PI3-kinases are major regulators of the actin cytoskeleton, whose precise contributions to chemotaxis, phagocytosis and macropinocytosis remain unresolved. We used systematic genetic ablation to examine this question in growing Dictyostelium cells. Mass spectroscopy shows that a quintuple mutant lacking the entire genomic complement of class-1 PI3-kinases retains only 10% of wild-type PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 levels.

Repeat hamstring lengthening for crouch gait in children with cerebral palsy.

Background: Progressive crouch gait occurs in patients with cerebral palsy with increasing age. Hamstring lengthening improves crouch in these patients, but hamstring contractures can recur over time. The purpose of this study was to determine whether revision hamstring lengthening is as effective as primary lengthening in improving crouched gait.

Impact of gait analysis on correction of excessive hip internal rotation in ambulatory children with cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled trial.

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine if gait analysis improves correction of excessive hip internal rotation in ambulatory children with spastic cerebral palsy (CP).

Method: Children undergoing orthopedic surgery were randomized to receive or not receive a preoperative gait analysis report. This secondary analysis included all participants whose gait report recommended external femoral derotation osteotomy (FDRO).

Anxiety related to sexual abuse: A case of recurrent priapism.

Recurrent priapism is notoriously difficult to treat and very distressing to the sufferer. There is little literature about emotional contributors to this condition. We report a case of a man with sexual abuse and severe anxiety who responded acutely to emotion-focused treatment with persistent cessation of severe recurrent priapism episodes.

Transverse plane gait problems in children with cerebral palsy.

Transverse plane deviations are significant contributors to pathologic gait in children with cerebral palsy (CP). Due to limitations in neuromuscular control, balance, strength and coordination, transverse plane gait deviations are poorly tolerated in these children. Transverse plane malalignment results in lever arm dysfunction and can be seen with either intoeing or out-toeing.

The effect of social contingencies on nursing students' reactions during a rural clinical placement.

Students' feedback of their practicum experiences are typically documented only in terms of established nursing competencies and learning objectives. How nursing students cope with social contingencies (e.g.

Assessment of human exposures to animal vaccines using poison control records, 2000-2009.

To characterize human exposures to vaccines intended for animals, evaluate the human risk due to these exposures and determine whether there is sufficient surveillance in place to monitor them. Retrospective analysis of surveillance data (2000-2009). Information collected by poison specialists during calls reporting human exposure to an animal vaccine product, made to one of the 57 United States Poison Control Centers.

UHPLC for the separation of proteins and peptides.

There is increasing interest within the pharmaceutical industry in the development of proteins and peptides as drugs in addition to their use as biomarkers. Immunochemistry-based techniques have been traditionally used for the quantitation of proteins and peptides; however, LC-MS-based methodologies are being increasingly adopted as they offer several advantages. UHPLC is well established within the small-molecule community as a means to increase resolution and/or the speed of separations prior to MS detection; however, it is rarely applied to proteins or peptides separations.

Outcomes of lower extremity orthopedic surgery in ambulatory children with cerebral palsy with and without gait analysis: results of a randomized controlled trial.

This study examined the impact of gait analysis on surgical outcomes in ambulatory children with cerebral palsy (CP) through a randomized controlled trial. 156 children with CP (94 male; age 10.2 ± 3.

A novel mass spectrometry-based method for determining insulin-like growth factor 1: assessment in a cohort of subjects with newly diagnosed acromegaly.

Objective: To develop an alternative method to immunoassay for the quantitative analysis of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) using a mass spectrometry (MS)-based approach.

Study Design And Patients: A stable isotope dilution Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography tandem MS (uHPLC-MS/MS)-based method for the quantification of IGF-1 was developed. The method employed Selected Reaction Monitoring (SRM) of two tryptic peptides derived from IGF-1, and utilised solid phase extraction for enrichment of the peptide fraction containing IGF-1 rather than immunocapture, so was less susceptible to assay interference.

Locomotor head movements and semicircular canal morphology in primates.

Animal locomotion causes head rotations, which are detected by the semicircular canals of the inner ear. Morphologic features of the canals influence rotational sensitivity, and so it is hypothesized that locomotion and canal morphology are functionally related. Most prior research has compared subjective assessments of animal "agility" with a single determinant of rotational sensitivity: the mean canal radius of curvature (R).

Differences in implementation of gait analysis recommendations based on affiliation with a gait laboratory.

This study examined the extent to which gait analysis recommendations are followed by orthopedic surgeons with varying degrees of affiliation with the gait laboratory. Surgical data were retrospectively examined for 95 patients with cerebral palsy who underwent lower extremity orthopedic surgery following gait analysis. Thirty-three patients were referred by two surgeons directly affiliated with the gait laboratory (direct affiliation), 44 were referred by five surgeons from the same institution but not directly affiliated with the gait laboratory (institutional affiliation), and 18 were referred by 10 surgeons from other institutions (no affiliation).

A new surgical technique for the treatment of supracondylar humerus fracture malunions in children.

Purpose: To report a new locking lateral closing wedge osteotomy used in repairing pediatric supracondylar humerus fracture malunions, which allows for coronal and sagittal plane correction of both cubitus varus and extension.

Methods: At our institution, eight children with cubitus varus resulting from prior supracondylar humerus fracture malunions underwent a new technique of lateral closing wedge osteotomy performed by a single surgeon. Preoperative templating created from radiographs of the bilateral upper extremities were compared with clinical exam to determine the angle of triangular bone that must be removed in order to correct the varus and any extension deformity.