[Absence status epilepticus in adults].

Absence status epilepticus (ASE) is a type of nonconvulsive status epilepticus, in which varying grade of consciousness impairment lasting more than 15 minutes and are accompanied by constant generalized spike-wave complexes with a frequency of 2.5-4 Hz on the electroencephalogram (EEG). ASE can be observed in various epileptic syndromes, usually detected in children.

Interactome of Paraoxonase PON2 Reveals New Pathways for Tumor Growth Regulation.

The interactome of paraoxonase-2 encoded by the PON2 gene was investigated. A cDNA library was screened using a yeast two-hybrid system to search for new proteins interacting with human PON2. Analysis of the identified candidates, along with previously published data on interactors obtained by other methods, indicates the presence of a significant number of indirect interactions between PON2 and EGFR and, consequently, possible regulation of tumor growth with mutant EGFR involving PON2.

[Controversial and unresolved aspects of the problem of epilepsy].

Objective: Based on the analysis of a comprehensive examination of patients (clinical, neuropsychological, genetic, neuroimaging) to identify the signs that distinguish/preserve the features of cryptogenic epilepsy (CE) relative to symptomatic and generalized idiopathic epilepsy (SE and IE).

Material And Methods: 375 patients with various forms of epilepsy were examined: 231 - with SE, 66 - with IE, and 78 - with CE. All patients underwent a generally accepted clinical examination; patients were divided into two clusters: 1 cluster (to identify the distinctive features of the psychoemotional status of patients, to assess the quality of life and compare them with the severity of seizures and other indicators), 2 cluster (to determine the presence of genetic disorders in CI patients and to conduct fMRI in this group).

[Principles of classification of diseases of the nervous system on the example of two diseases with paroxysmal manifestations - typical facial pain and epilepsy].

Two diseases of the cranial region with similar key symptoms - typical facial pain and epilepsy are analyzed. The objects of the study are the International Classification of Headache of the 3rd revision, 2018, fragments of which are facial pain, and the International Classification of Epilepsy and Epileptic Seizures, 2017. The key characteristic of both diseases is paroxysmality, that is, manifestations of the main signs of the disease in the form of seizures.

[Healthcare of Russia today. Epileptological service].

Objective: To examine the state of the epileptological service in Russia by conducting a survey of epileptologists working in different regions of the Russian Federation.

Material And Methods: To assess the structure and mechanisms of the antiepileptic service in the Russian Federation, the Russian League Against Epilepsy (RLAE) offered a questionnaire to 63 epileptologists, which has been answered by 37 epileptologists from 28 regions of the country.

Results And Conclusion: Among the respondents, 43% are focused on the care of outpatients, 35% work both in outpatient and inpatient appointments, 22% work only in hospitals.

[The efficacy and tolerability of extended release carbamazepine in adult patients with new-onset epilepsy using epileptiform activity index].

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of extended release carbamazepine (finlepsin-retard and tegretol CR) in adult patients with new-onset focal epilepsy (FE) with the assessment of epileptiform activity index (EAI).

Material And Methods: The study included 62 patients (38 (61.3%) men and 24 (38.

[Dynamics of epileptiform activity, efficacy and tolerability of valproic acid in adults and adolescents with newly-diagnosed epilepsy].

Objective: To evaluate the changes of epileptiform activity index (EAI) as a measure of the efficacy and tolerability of treatment with valproic acid (VA) in patients with newly-diagnosed generalized and focal epilepsy.

Material And Methods: The study included 93 patients (55 men and 38 women): 27 with focal epilepsy (FE) and 66 with idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE). Patients with idiopathic and age-dependent FE were not included in the study.

[Psychogenic pseudoseizures as psychoneurological problem].

The complexity of the problem is associated with the lack of reliable differential diagnostic indications for distinguishing epileptic and pseudo-epileptic seizures, as well as with the risk of provoking seizures during psychological sessions in patients with PPS. Therefore, apparently, only one of the Russian-language monographs that were published in recent years and one of the 1999 neurology guidelines pay attention to this problem. We have shown the nosological heterogeneity of patients with PPS, clinical particularities related to it and the need for a differentiated approach to its therapy.

[Relationships between cerebral and facial venous blood flow].

The aspects of disruption of venous blood outflow from face region into skull are well-known; they can occur at any age - from neonatal to old age, however, the possible compensation mechanisms for such disorders are usually difficult to identify. A description is given of a unique case of unilateral epistaxis and a homolateral (right-sided) headache that developed much later. Examination revealed hypoplasia of the left sigmoid sinus and blood overflow of the right sigmoid sinus.

[Back to Jackson or ahead to Jackson? Who brought a contemporary perspective to Jackson's conception?].

One hundred and twenty years ago, J. Jackson summarized the results of his research in his seminal lecture, where he used epilepsy, as a model for the analysis of the structural-functional organization of the central nervous system. He revealed a mechanism of epileptic seizure and showed that any epilepsy, including the 'genuine' one, had focal start.

[New possibilities of pharmacotherapy of epilepsy: eslicarbazepine acetate in treatment of focal epilepsy].

The article provides an analysis of the latest antiepileptic drug eslicarbazepine acetate (ESL) for the treatment of focal epilepsy in adults as monotherapy and adjunctive therapy. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, drug-drug interactions, indications and dosage regimen are described. The authors present the latest data on the efficacy, tolerability and safety of ESL including an exploratory pooled analysis of data from 14 European clinical practice studies (Euro-Esli) as well as their own observations of 34 patients receiving ESL in monotherapy or combination therapy.

[Depakine: 25 years in Russia].

The article summarizes domestic and international studies on the development and clinical investigation of valproates including multiple studies of a research team directed by the author. Valproate targets are considered in biological and clinical aspects. A spectrum of action and advantages of the brand drug (depakine) compared to generics and other antiepileptic drugs are discussed.

[Brivaracetam in the treatment of patients with epilepsy].

The newest antiepileptic drug (AED) brivaracetam (Briviac, UCB Pharma) (BRV) was approved in the Russian Federation in 2017 as an adjuvant therapy for the treatment of partial seizures with/without secondary generalization in adults and adolescents over 16 years old with epilepsy. This review contains the data of BRV preclinical studies, pharmacokinetic profile and the results of comparative study of BRV and LEV. The results of main studies of efficacy and tolerability with pooled analysis as well as data from meta-analysis are presented.

[Problems of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. A view through the prism of time].

The authors present a comparative analysis of the results of the study of 72 adolescent patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME), which were published in 2010, and a new sample of patients over the last 5 years with the publications of domestic and foreign authors. Difficult clinical cases are described. These data indicate positive shifts in the diagnosis and treatment of JME.

[The development of ideas about the organization of the speech system].

This work represents an insight into a problem of studying one of the higher mental functions of humans - speech, its primary role in the development of man as a biosocial being. Various concepts of speech and the problem of the dominance of cerebral hemispheres in language function are analyzed. It touched upon the ontogenesis of hemispheric asymmetry.

[Perampanel in pharmacotherapy of focal epilepsy: the efficacy and tolerability in routine clinical practice].

Aim: To analyze the efficacy and tolerability of the innovative drug perampanel (PER) as add-on treatment of focal epilepsy in patients older than 12 years.

Material And Methods: Forty-six patients with focal epilepsy, aged from 12 to 63 years, mean age 31.7 years, were studied.

[Quality of life of adult patients with cryptogenic epilepsy].

Aim: To determine a position of cryptogenic epilepsy (CE) in relation to idiopathic epilepsy (IE) and symptomatic epilepsy (SE) in the aspect of patients' quality-of-life.

Material And Methods: One hundred and fifty patients, including 90 with CE, 30 with SE and 30 with IE, were examined. The severity of epileptic seizures assessed with the NHS3, anxiety and depression assessed with the HADS, sleep disorders, quality-of-life measured with the Qolie-89 were studied.

[Algorithms of mono- and polytherapy in clinical epileptology].

The large number of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) at the physician's disposal provides not only a broad therapeutic potential in the treatment of epilepsy (EP), but creates difficulties in the adequate choice of AED. The sufficient experience in the management of patients with epilepsy has been gained so far in the world, based on which the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE), updated classification, adopted the basic definition of efficiency, remission, resistance, evidence of research on the effectiveness of AED therapy, and introduced the concept of "resolved" epilepsy. In this article, a group of Russian experts suggest recommendations on the main steps in the choice of therapy in epilepsy.

[Algorithms of mono- and polytherapy in clinical epileptology. Part 1. General principles of drug choice].

The large number of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) at the physician's disposal provides not only a broad therapeutic potential in the treatment of epilepsy (EP), but creates difficulties in the adequate choice of AED. The sufficient experience in the management of patients with epilepsy has been gained so far in the world, based on which the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE), updated classification, adopted the basic definition of efficiency, remission, resistance, evidence of research on the effectiveness of AED therapy, and introduced the concept of "resolved" epilepsy. In this article, a group of Russian experts suggest recommendations on the main steps in the choice of therapy in epilepsy.

[Cases of non-standard approach to treatment of super-refractory status epilepticus].

Authors assume that super-refractoriness is probably characterized by the specific pathophysiological mechanisms of status epilepticus development and can't be treated using standard treatment schemes. By the example of two clinical cases, we have analyzed the efficacy of complex treatment of super-refractory nonconvulsive and myoclonic status using intravenous valproate, central anesthetics (thiopental sodium, propofol), levetiracetam and cortexin. Preliminary results suggest that cortexin and levetiracetam as add-on to standard treatment may be vitally important drugs for the patients.

[Photosensitivity, epilepsy, the occipital and frontal cortex].

This article discusses the features of the structural-functional organization of the visual distance perception which, in contrast to other distant sensory systems, has not only afferent but also efferent part--the frontal visual field and, smooth and stripy muscles of the eye which accordingly support the visual function. The increasing importance of the efferent component of the visual system in the present conditions of real and virtual movements of visual objects is shown. The case of photosensitivity in epilepsy proves the fact that the efferent component of the visual system can react in a protective way to the rhythmic photostimulation.

Systemic mechanisms of antiepileptic protection.

Aim: The objectives of this study were as follows: (1) to explore mechanisms that counteract epileptogenesis and provide antiepileptic protection in the life-threatening condition of status epilepticus; and (2) to access functional state of adaptation system and identify the roles of biochemical, humoral, and neurophysiologic factors in the antiepileptic protective system.

Methods: The experimental part of this research included a series of experiments using animal models which studied the influence of apnea (hypoxia and hypercapnia) on seizure activity; in addition, the role of the prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortex in epileptogenesis and antiepileptogenesis was explored. The clinical part consisted of a series of neurophysiological studies, using a method of multistage dipole localization, and clinical models of absence epilepsy and a tumor in the Rolandic region.