Iron deficiency, but not anemia, is identified in naturally occurring obesity and insulin resistance in male nonhuman primates.

Objectives: To understand the development of iron deficiency in obesity and its long-term impact on the profile of anemia in spontaneously obese nonhuman primates.

Methods: The study included 69 adult male nonhuman primates, (NHPs, Macaca mulatta, rhesus monkeys), ranging from normal to obese, and type 2 diabetes (T2D) as defined for humans.

Results: Iron deficiency was present in 31.

Lifestyle and psychosocial factors associated with maintenance of normal body mass index in college students: a cross sectional study.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to identify lifestyle and psychosocial factors associated with maintenance of normal body mass index (BMI, 18.5-24.9 kg/m).

African-American Adolescents' Weight Loss Skills Utilization: Effects on Weight Change in a Sequential Multiple Assignment Randomized Trial.

Objective: Successful weight loss interventions for African-Americans adolescents are lacking. Cognitive-behavioral interventions seek to develop weight loss skills (e.g.

Correction to: Effectiveness of Nutrition Intervention in a Selected Group of Overweight and Obese African-American Preschoolers.

Part of our original analyses was performed with overweight and obese preschoolers only. This procedure may have created a subgroup of individuals with extreme values at baseline and this may likely be inappropriate.

Sex Differences and Predictors of Changes in Body Weight and Noncommunicable Diseases in a Random, Newly-Arrived Group of Refugees Followed for Two Years.

We have reported that none of the psychological/mental variables examined predicted the increase in BMI and non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in Iraqi refugees after 1 year resettlement in Michigan. We continuously followed the same cohort of refugees for 2 years (Y2 FU) to further determine the gender difference in predicting of increased BMI and NCDs. Only 20% of the BMI variability could be accounted for by the factors examined.

A comparison of snack serving sizes to USDA guidelines in healthy weight and overweight minority preschool children enrolled in Head Start.

Background: Obesity disproportionately affects children from low-income families and those from racial and ethnic minorities. The relationship between snacking and weight status remains unclear, although snacking is known to be an important eating episode for energy and nutrient intake particularly in young children. The purpose of this pilot study was to examine the snack intake of minority preschool children enrolled in the Head Start Program in four centers in Detroit, Michigan, and investigate differences by child weight status.

Docosahexaenoic acid counteracts attenuation of CD95-induced cell death by inorganic mercury.

In the United States the principal environmental exposure to mercury is through dietary consumption of sea food. Although the mechanism by which low levels of mercury affect the nervous system is not well established, epidemiological studies suggest that low level exposure of pregnant women to dietary mercury can adversely impact cognitive development in their children, but that Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the most prominent n-polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-PUFA) present in fish may counteract negative effects of mercury on the nervous system. Aside from effects on the nervous system, epidemiological and animal studies have also suggested that low level mercury exposure may be a risk factor for autoimmune disease.

Pre- and Post-displacement Stressors and Body Weight Development in Iraqi Refugees in Michigan.

Refugees have typically experienced stress and trauma before entering the US. Stressors and mental health disorders may contribute to obesity. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in the body mass index (BMI) in Iraqi refugees settled in Michigan in relationship to pre- and post-migration stressors and mental health.

The effect of α-cyclodextrin on postprandial lipid and glycemic responses to a fat-containing meal.

Objective: α-Cyclodextrin (α-CD), a soluble dietary fiber derived from corn, marketed under the trade name FBCx®, has the potential to help individuals manage their weight and improve their lipid profiles. Initial studies in healthy overweight and/or obese diabetic individuals found that, in those consuming a normal to high fat diet over a 4 or 12 week period, α-CD use was associated with weight loss or maintenance and a reduction in triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol levels in hyperlipidemic individuals. Furthermore, α-CD use was associated with the positive effects of increasing insulin and leptin sensitivities.

Factors associated with weight resilience in obesogenic environments in female African-American adolescents.

This study used a descriptive, cross-sectional analysis to examine a social ecological model of obesity among African-American female adolescents residing in obesogenic environments. The goal was to identify factors that promote weight resilience, defined as maintaining a healthy body weight despite living in an environment that encourages inactivity and undermines healthy weight behaviors. During 2005 to 2008, weight-resilient (n=32) and obese (n=35) African-American female adolescents (12 to 17 years) living in Detroit, MI, and their caregivers completed measures of individual, family, and extrafamilial weight-resilience factors.

The beneficial effects of α-cyclodextrin on blood lipids and weight loss in healthy humans.

α-Cyclodextrin (α-CD) is a soluble fiber derived from corn. It has previously been reported that early intervention with Mirafit fbcx, a trademarked name for α-CD, has beneficial effects on weight management in obese individuals with type 2 diabetes, and that it preferentially reduces blood levels of saturated and trans fats in the LDL receptor knockout mice. The current investigation involves overweight but not obese nondiabetic individuals and was intended to confirm the effects of α-CD on both weight management and improving blood lipid levels.

The effects of multisystemic therapy on family support for weight loss among obese African-American adolescents: findings from a randomized controlled trial.

Objective: To determine whether multisystemic therapy, an intensive, home- and community-based intervention, could increase family support for healthy eating and exercise in obese African-American adolescents. Relationships between changes in family support, weight status, and body fat composition at the end of the trial were also evaluated.

Method: A pilot randomized clinical trial was conducted with 49 obese adolescents (body mass index > or = 95th %ile).

A randomized pilot study of multisystemic therapy targeting obesity in African-American adolescents.

Adolescents with obesity (N = 48) and their caregivers were randomized to Multisystemic Therapy (MST) or a group weight-loss intervention. MST adolescents significantly reduced percents overweight and body fat, while control adolescents did not. Treatments such as MST that can intervene in the multiple systems that influence weight are worthy of further study.

Perinatal n-3 fatty acid imbalance affects fatty acid composition in rat offspring.

This study was designed to investigate the effects of high and low n-3 FA feeding during perinatal period on the growth and FA profiles in the Wistar rat offspring. Female rats were randomized into three diet groups during pregnancy and lactation (L): Control (CON, ratio of n-3/n-6 approximately 0.14, n=24); n-3 FA deficient (LOW, ratio of n-3/n-6 approximately 0, n=31) and n-3 FA excess (HIGH, ratio of n-3/n-6 approximately 14.

Effects of abuse pattern of gestational toluene exposure on metabolism, feeding and body composition.

Aims: Inhalant abuse during pregnancy lowers birth weight and impedes early development. These studies explored the effects of brief, repeated, prenatal toluene exposures in pregnant female rats on body weight, metabolic rate, body composition, and food intake in their offspring.

Method: Rats were exposed to 0, 8000, 12,000, or 16,000 ppm of toluene twice daily for 15 min from gestational days 8 to 20.

Poor nutrient intake and high obese rate in an urban African American population with hypertension.

Objective: To describe the nutrient intake patterns and general health conditions in an African American (AA) hypertensive population living in Detroit, MI.

Methods: Demographic, anthropometric, general health condition and 3-day dietary recalls were collected from 387 AAs in community-based settings. Only data from 342 participants who met the inclusion criteria were reported.

Reduced auditory acuity in rat pups from excess and deficient omega-3 fatty acid consumption by the mother.

Consumption of the nutrients omega-3 fatty acids (omega-3 FA) during pregnancy and lactation is considered beneficial to fetal and infant development. It may also reduce the incidence and severity of preterm births by prolonging gestational length. However several recent human and animal studies have reported that over-supplementation with omega-3 FA, especially in the form of fish oil, can have adverse effects on fetal and infant development and the auditory brainstem response (ABR).

Human adenovirus 36 induces adiposity, increases insulin sensitivity, and alters hypothalamic monoamines in rats.

Objective: Human adenovirus 36 (Ad-36) increases adiposity and reduces serum lipids in chicken, mouse, and non-human primate models, and it is linked to obesity in sero-epidemiological studies in humans. Involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) or adipose tissue in the mechanism of Ad-36-induced adiposity is unknown. The effects of Ad-36 on adiposity and on the neuroendocrine system were investigated in a rat model.

The benefits of early intervention in obese diabetic patients with FBCx: a new dietary fibre.

Background: Obesity and diabetes have become epidemic in the US. Dietary fibres have been reported to reduce the absorption of dietary fat, prevent weight gain, and reduce blood lipid levels. In the current double-blind study, obese patients with type 2 diabetes were recruited for a 3-month study to examine the health effects of a new dietary fibre, FBCx.

The effects of a new soluble dietary fiber on weight gain and selected blood parameters in rats.

This study was designed to investigate a new dietary fiber, alpha-cyclodextrin, marketed under the trade name FBCx (Wacker Biochem, Adrian, MI), for beneficial effects on weight reduction and the improvement of certain blood parameters in rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups and fed ad libitum for a period of 6 weeks: (1) a normal low-fat diet (LF; 4% fat wt/wt); (2) an LF diet with FBCx added; (3) a high-fat diet (HF, 40% fat wt/wt); and (4) an HF diet with FBCx. The FBCx was added at the rate of 10% (wt/wt) of the fat in the diet.

Short-term effect of eggs on satiety in overweight and obese subjects.

Objective: To test the hypotheses that among overweight and obese participants, a breakfast consisting of eggs, in comparison to an isocaloric equal-weight bagel-based breakfast, would induce greater satiety, reduce perceived cravings, and reduce subsequent short-term energy intake.

Subjects: Thirty women with BMI's of at least 25 kg/M2 between the ages of 25 to 60 y were recruited to participate in a randomized crossover design study in an outpatient clinic setting.

Design: Following an overnight fast, subjects consumed either an egg or bagel-based breakfast followed by lunch 3.

The relationship between blood leptin level and bone density is specific to ethnicity and menopausal status.

Leptin, the obesity hormone, has been linked to bone mineralization and tumorigenesis. In addition, both bone mineral density (BMD) and postmenopausal breast cancer are associated with obesity, but the interrelationships between obesity, leptin, BMD, and breast cancer are not yet clear. In particular, there is little published research comparing white and black women in terms of these variables.

Effect of a modified milk fat and calcium in purified diets on cholesterol metabolism in hamsters.

Modification of milk fat both by partially replacing saturated FA with oleic acid (18:1) and by increasing calcium intake independently reduces plasma cholesterol. Whether modification of both factors together would synergistically reduce plasma cholesterol is unknown. Seventy-two male golden Syrian hamsters were separated into four diet treatment groups (n = 18/group) and fed ad libitum for 7 wk.

Augmenting leptin circadian rhythm following a weight reduction in diet-induced obese rats: short- and long-term effects.

The current study sought to examine whether leptin injections following a weight reduction in diet-induced obese rats would reduce both the enhanced food intake and body weight (BW) regain observed during the refeeding phase. Female Wistar rats (n = 100, 20 per group) were divided into 5 groups: (1) LEP rats were fed a high-fat (HF) diet (35% wt/wt) for 8 weeks to induce obesity and were then food-restricted (50% ad libitum) with a fortified high-fat diet for 2 weeks to induce a 20% BW loss. These rats were then refed the HF diet ad libtum for another 11 weeks.

The effect of CNS opioid on autonomic nervous and cardiovascular responses in diet-induced obese rats.

The intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.