protein expression is reduced in high grade astrocytomas which is not caused by the methylation of its promoter.

Introduction: Epigenetics play a vital role in stratifying CNS tumors and gliomas. The importance of studying Secreted frizzled-related protein 4 (SFRP4) in gliomas is to improve diffuse glioma methylation profiling. Here we examined the methylation status of promoter and the level of its protein expression in diffuse gliomas WHO grades 2-4.

Overview of the Lipid Peroxidation Measurements in Patients by the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Specific for the 4-Hydroxynonenal-Protein Adducts (4-HNE-ELISA).

Oxidative stress often affects the structure and metabolism of lipids, which in the case of polyunsaturated free fatty acids (PUFAs) leads to a self-catalysed chain reaction of lipid peroxidation (LPO). The LPO of PUFAs leads to the formation of various aldehydes, such as malondialdehyde, 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), 4-hydroxyhexenal, and 4-oxo-2-nonenal. Among the reactive aldehydes, 4-HNE is the major bioactive product of LPO, which has a high affinity for binding to proteins.

The 4-Hydroxynonenal-Protein Adducts and Their Biological Relevance: Are Some Proteins Preferred Targets?

It is well known that oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation (LPO) play a role in physiology and pathology. The most studied LPO product with pleiotropic capabilities is 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE). It is considered as an important mediator of cellular signaling processes and a second messenger of reactive oxygen species.

Relationship between 4-Hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) as Systemic Biomarker of Lipid Peroxidation and Metabolomic Profiling of Patients with Prostate Cancer.

An oxidative degradation product of the polyunsaturated fatty acids, 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), is of particular interest in cancer research due to its concentration-dependent pleiotropic activities affecting cellular antioxidants, metabolism, and growth control. Although an increase in oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation was already associated with prostate cancer progression a few decades ago, the knowledge of the involvement of 4-HNE in prostate cancer tumorigenesis is limited. This study investigated the appearance of 4-HNE-protein adducts in prostate cancer tissue by immunohistochemistry using a genuine 4-HNE monoclonal antibody.

Papillary tumor of the pineal region in pediatric patient - A case report.

Background: Papillary tumor of the pineal region (PTPR) represents a rare and histologically distinct subgroup of tumors originating in the pineal region. Few pediatric cases have been reported so far in the literature; therefore, clinical data are scarce.

Case Description: We describe a case of PTPR in a 9-year-old girl who presented with a 5-month history of excessive appetite and weight gain.