Mechanisms of Increase of Winter Wheat Frost Resistance Under Tebuconazole Treatment at Early Stage of Growth: Role of Hormone- and Reactive Oxygen Species-Mediated Signaling Pathways.

1, 2, 4-triazole derivatives, including tebuconazole, have been reported to show positive physiological effects in cereals apart from fungicidal activity and to increase plants' tolerance against temperature stress. This study investigates the mechanisms of increasing frost resistance of etiolated winter wheat ( L., "Irkutskaya" variety) seedlings by tebuconazole-based seed dresser "Bunker" (1.

The Impact of Metal-Based Nanoparticles Produced by Different Types of Underwater Welding on Marine Microalgae.

Underwater wet welding is commonly used in joining pipelines and in underwater construction. Harmful and hazardous compounds are added to many flux-cored wires for underwater welding and cutting, and can have a negative impact on marine life. The specific objective of this study was to evaluate the aquatic toxicity of two suspension samples obtained using welding electrode and flux-cored wire in marine microalgae and .

Stability of Ion Exchange Membranes in Electrodialysis.

During electrodialysis the ion exchange membranes are affected by such factors as passage of electric current, heating, tangential flow of solution and exposure to chemical agents. It can potentially cause the degradation of ion exchange groups and of polymeric backbone, worsening the performance of the process and necessitating the replacement of the membranes. This article aims to review how the composition and the structure of ion exchange membranes change during the electrodialysis or the studies imitating it.

Short-Term Stability of Electrochemical Properties of Layer-by-Layer Coated Heterogeneous Ion Exchange Membranes.

Layer-by-layer adsorption allows the creation of versatile functional coatings for ion exchange membranes, but the stability of the coating and resulting properties of modified membranes in their operation is a frequently asked question. This paper examines the changes in voltammetric curves of layer-by-layer coated cation exchange membranes and pH-metry of desalination chamber with a studied membrane and an auxiliary anion exchange membrane after short-term tests, including over-limiting current modes. The practical operation of the membranes did not affect the voltammetric curves, but enhanced the generation of H and OH ions in a system with polyethylenimine modified membrane in Ca containing solution.

Stability of Properties of Layer-by-Layer Coated Membranes under Passage of Electric Current.

Electrodialysis with layer-by-layer coated membranes is a promising method for the separation of monovalent and polyvalent ions. Since the separation selectivity is significantly reduced in the presence of defects in the multilayer system, the stability of the modifiers becomes an important issue. This article reports the i-V curves of layer-by-layer coated membranes based on the heterogeneous MK-40 membrane before and after 50 h long electrodialysis of a solution containing sodium and calcium ions at an underlimiting current density, and the values of concentrations of cations in the desalination chamber during electrodialysis.