Thermal behaviour of crustaceans.

Specific thermoreceptors or putative multimodal thermoreceptors are not known in Crustacea. However, behavioural studies on thermal avoidance and preference and on the effects of temperature on motor activity indicate that the thermosensitivity of crustaceans may be in the range 0.2-2 degrees C.

Learning difficulties, social intelligence, and self-concept: connections to bully-victim problems.

Learning skills, social intelligence, and self-concept were related to each other and to bully-victim problems among fifth-grade children (79 boys and 62 girls, aged 11-12 years). In addition to exploring connections between single variables, a person-oriented approach was applied in order to analyze children's value patterns with respect to learning skills, self-concept, and social intelligence, and how these value patterns are related to bully-victim problems. Social intelligence was found to be positively correlated with learning skills, but negatively related to victimization.

Aggression and sociometric status among peers: do gender and type of aggression matter?

The connections between the use of different types of aggression (direct physical, direct verbal, and indirect) and sociometric status among same-sex and opposite-sex peers were studied. The subjects were 209 ninth-grade adolescents. Although an adolescent's aggression in general was related to being rejected by peers, a different picture emerged when the shared variance between types of aggression was controlled: The partial correlations showed that when the level of direct (physical and verbal) aggression was kept constant, increases in indirect aggression did not explain variance in peer rejection scores.

Effects of thermal acclimation on nervous conduction and muscle contraction in the frog Rana temporaria.

The effects of season and acclimation temperature on the latency of the leg withdrawal reflex and three of its components have been studied: conduction velocity in the sciatic nerve, spinal conduction time, and contraction time of gastrocnemius muscle. The latency of the leg withdrawal reflex was markedly shortened by cold acclimation: the reaction times were at 6 degrees C 1.54 s in 4 degrees C acclimated and 3.