Laser-based analytical techniques in cultural heritage science - Tutorial review.

This tutorial review combines the fundamentals of the design and operation of lasers with their usage in applications related to conservation and cultural heritage (CH) science - as components of analytical devices for the study of the chemical composition of materials. The development of laser instruments and their fundamental physical background, including a short explanation of their properties and parameters, are briefly summarised, and an overview of different laser-based analytical techniques is given. The analytical techniques covered in this tutorial are divided into three groups based on their technical aspects and properties: (1) vibrational spectroscopy, (2) elemental analysis, and (3) different molecular mass spectrometric techniques.

[Biological profile of adult patients infected with HIV at initiation of antiretroviral therapy in Togo].

Objective: The study's objective was to determine the CD4 count and laboratory abnormalities in adults infected with HIV at initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Togo.

Methods: A retrospective and descriptive study was made of all patients on HAART in 2009 in Togo.

Results: A total of 5106 patients were included with a median age of 35 years.