Norepinephrine activates β -adrenergic receptors at the inner nuclear membrane in astrocytes.

Norepinephrine exerts powerful influences on the metabolic, neuroprotective and immunoregulatory functions of astrocytes. Until recently, all effects of norepinephrine were believed to be mediated by receptors localized exclusively to the plasma membrane. However, recent studies in cardiomyocytes have identified adrenergic receptors localized to intracellular membranes, including Golgi and inner nuclear membranes, and have shown that norepinephrine can access these receptors via transporter-mediated uptake.

Organic Cation Transporters and Nongenomic Glucocorticoid Action.

Corticosteroid hormones exert powerful influences on neuronal physiology and behavior by activating intracellular glucocorticoid receptors (GR) and mineralocorticoid receptors (MR), which act as ligand-gated transcription factors, altering gene expression. In addition to these genomic effects on physiology and behavior, which are usually delayed by minutes to hours, corticosteroid hormones also initiate rapid effects through diverse nongenomic mechanisms. One such mechanism involves the direct inhibition by corticosteroid hormones of monoamine transport mediated by the "uptake" transporter, organic cation transporter 3 (OCT3), a high-capacity, low-affinity transporter for norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, and histamine.

Realizing the Value of Nursing Through Innovative Regulation.

Nursing regulation is a specialty area of nursing practice that some may perceive as only performing licensing and disciplinary functions. However, highly effective boards strive to meet their mission of public protection through continuous innovation. This article describes several innovative programs initiated by a board of nursing.

Primary human colonic mucosal barrier crosstalk with super oxygen-sensitive in continuous culture.

Background: The gut microbiome plays an important role in human health and disease. Gnotobiotic animal and cell-based models provide some informative insights into mechanistic crosstalk. However, there is no existing system for a long-term co-culture of a human colonic mucosal barrier with super oxygen-sensitive commensal microbes, hindering the study of human-microbe interactions in a controlled manner.

Interactive digital art for individuals with intellectual disabilities.

Interactive digital art can be a beneficial therapeutic intervention for a variety of populations, but specifically for the population of intellectual and developmental disabilities. Interactive digital art uses the engagement of the participant to create a digital form of art. The purpose of this literature review is to explore the effects that interactive art has on individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities.