Mutations in phospholipase C eta-1 () are associated with holoprosencephaly.

Background: Holoprosencephaly is a spectrum of developmental disorder of the embryonic forebrain in which there is failed or incomplete separation of the prosencephalon into two cerebral hemispheres. To date, dominant mutations in sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway genes are the predominant Mendelian causes, and have marked interfamilial and intrafamilial phenotypical variabilities.

Methods: We describe two families in which offspring had holoprosencephaly spectrum and homozygous predicted-deleterious variants in phospholipase C eta-1 ().

Neuroimaging manifestations and genetic heterogeneity of Walker-Warburg syndrome in Saudi patients.

Background: Walker-Warburg syndrome (WWS), an autosomal recessive disease, is the most severe phenotype of congenital muscular dystrophies. Its diagnosis remains primarily clinical and radiological. Identification of its causative variants will assist genetic counseling.

Epilepsy, neuropsychiatric phenotypes, neuroimaging findings, and genotype-neurophenotype correlation in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.

Objective: To describe the epilepsy, neuropsychiatric manifestations, and neuroimaging findings in a group of patients with 22q11.2 DS, and to correlate the size of the deleted genetic material with the severity of the phenotype.

Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of 28 patients (21 pediatric patients and 7 adults) with a genetically confirmed diagnosis of 22q11.

TMX2 Is a Crucial Regulator of Cellular Redox State, and Its Dysfunction Causes Severe Brain Developmental Abnormalities.

The redox state of the neural progenitors regulates physiological processes such as neuronal differentiation and dendritic and axonal growth. The relevance of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated oxidoreductases in these processes is largely unexplored. We describe a severe neurological disorder caused by bi-allelic loss-of-function variants in thioredoxin (TRX)-related transmembrane-2 (TMX2); these variants were detected by exome sequencing in 14 affected individuals from ten unrelated families presenting with congenital microcephaly, cortical polymicrogyria, and other migration disorders.