Design, synthesis, anti-tobacco mosaic viral and molecule docking simulations of urea/thiourea derivatives of 2-(piperazine-1-yl)-pyrimidine and 1-(4-Fluoro/4-Chloro phenyl)-piperazine and 1-(4-Chloro phenyl)-piperazine - A study.

The objectives of the present work are to design, syhthesize and introduce novel urea/thiourea derivatives of 2-(piperazine-1-yl)-pyrimidine and 1-(4-Fluoro/4-Chloro phenyl)-piperazine molecules as tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) inhibitors. A series of urea/thiourea derivatives containing pyrimidine and piperazine moieties were synthesized, characterized using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) mass spectra, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, elemental analysis and evaluated their sustainability using biological experiments. The anti-viral bioassay of the title compounds showed an antiviral activity against TMV.

Oral administration of Azadirachta indica (L.) seed kernel active principle protects rat liver hepatocytes and testis seminiferous tubules from phenobarbitol-induced damage.

The male albino rat testis and liver showed tissue modification upon exposure to phenobarbitol (PB), 24 mg/100 g of body weight, for about 3 weeks and upon staining of their sections with hematoxylin and eosin. In this procedure, the control liver showed normal hepatocytes with centrally placed nuclei, and the PB-treated hepatocyte showed degeneration of cytoplasm and nucleus, necrosis and fragmentation of nucleus, and pushing of nucleus to periphery. The control rat testis showed epithelial layer having broad seminiferous tubules, spermatids, mature spermatozoa, and lumen of seminiferous tubules, and the PB-treated rat testis showed degenerative and necrotic changes in seminiferous tubules and clumping of seminiferous tubules.

Comparative study on glutathione transferases of rat brain and testis under the stress of phenobarbitol and beta-methylcholanthrene.

A comparative study was made on the tissue specific expression of glutathione transferases (GST) in brain and testis after exposure of rat to phenobarbitol (PB) and b-methylcholanthrene (MC). Glutathione transferases, a family of multifunctional proteins are involved in intracellular transport processes and in detoxication of electrophilic xenobiotics by catalyzing reactions such as conjugation, isomerization, reduction and thiolysis. On purification, the yield of GST proteins by affinity chromatography was 39% in testis and 32% in brain.

A comparative study on the effect of phenobarbitol and beta-methylcholanthrene on glutathione S-transferases of rat testis.

Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs; EC, 2.5.1.

Effect of phenobarbital on the induction of glutathione S-transferases in rat testis.

Glutathione S-transferases are a family of multifunctional proteins involved in intracellular transport processes and drug detoxication. In rats, these enzymes are dimeric proteins, and exist as cytosolic and microsomal proteins. The affinity purified rat testicular glutathione S-transferases are comprised of four subunits, Yc of alpha class, Yb and Ybeta of mu class and Ydelta of pi class.