Prevalence of tic disorders among schoolchildren in Warsaw, Poland.

Objective: To estimate the prevalence and to describe clinical characteristics of tic disorders in 12-15 year old Warsaw schoolchildren.

Method: Children attending 24 randomly selected schools were screened by inquiring their parents and teachers. Children indicated as tic-positive by the screening procedure were investigated using semi-structured questionnaires and the Polish version of YGTSS scale.

Effects of stimulus modality on the shuttle activity in rats.

Shuttle activity during repeated presentation of irrelevant auditory (white band noise) and visual (darkness) stimuli was studied in 32 male Möll-Wistar rats. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups. In Group ND the auditory stimulus was used in the first habituation session, and the visual stimulus in the second habituation session.