ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Altered Mental Status, Coma, Delirium, and Psychosis: 2024 Update.

Altered mental status (AMS) and coma are terms used to describe disorders of arousal and content of consciousness. AMS may account for up to 4% to 10% of chief complaints in the emergency department setting and is a common accompanying symptom for other presentations. AMS is not a diagnosis, but rather a term for symptoms of acute or chronic disordered mentation, including confusion, disorientation, lethargy, drowsiness, somnolence, unresponsiveness, agitation, altered behavior, inattention, hallucinations, delusions, and psychosis.

Radar for Europa Assessment and Sounding: Ocean to Near-Surface (REASON).

The Radar for Europa Assessment and Sounding: Ocean to Near-surface (REASON) is a dual-frequency ice-penetrating radar (9 and 60 MHz) onboard the Europa Clipper mission. REASON is designed to probe Europa from exosphere to subsurface ocean, contributing the third dimension to observations of this enigmatic world. The hypotheses REASON will test are that (1) the ice shell of Europa hosts liquid water, (2) the ice shell overlies an ocean and is subject to tidal flexing, and (3) the exosphere, near-surface, ice shell, and ocean participate in material exchange essential to the habitability of this moon.

ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Cerebrovascular Diseases-Stroke and Stroke-Related Conditions.

Cerebrovascular disease encompasses a vast array of conditions. The imaging recommendations for stroke-related conditions involving noninflammatory steno-occlusive arterial and venous cerebrovascular disease including carotid stenosis, carotid dissection, intracranial large vessel occlusion, and cerebral venous sinus thrombosis are encompassed by this document. Additional imaging recommendations regarding complications of these conditions including intraparenchymal hemorrhage and completed ischemic strokes are also discussed.

Organic Input to Titan's Subsurface Ocean Through Impact Cratering.

Titan has an organic-rich atmosphere and surface with a subsurface liquid water ocean that may represent a habitable environment. In this work, we determined the amount of organic material that can be delivered from Titan's surface to its ocean through impact cratering. We assumed that Titan's craters produce impact melt deposits composed of liquid water that can founder in its lower-density ice crust and estimated the amount of organic molecules that could be incorporated into these melt lenses.