Trail Making Test: normative data for Turkish elderly population by age, sex and education.

Objective: Trail Making Test (TMT) is a neuropsychological test, which has parts A and B that can precisely measure executive functions, like complex visual-motor conceptual screening, planning, organization, abstract thinking and response inhibition. The main purpose of this study is to standardize TMT for Turkish adults and/or elderly population. This study primarily consists of two main parts; norm determination study and reliability/validity studies, respectively.

[A comparison of implicit memory performance in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer type dementia patients].

Objective: Implicit memory, defined as the recollection of knowledge unconsciously, automatically, and without being aware of it, is different than explicit memory, in which knowledge is recollected consciously, while being aware of it. In the present study, the implicit memory performance of patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's type dementia (ATD) (different stages) were compared to healthy controls.

Method: The study included 19 MCI patients and 23 ATD patients (11 mild-moderate and 12 severe stage ATD).

Granulomatous hypophysitis and bilateral optic neuropathy.

A 53-year-old woman with symptoms of hypopituitarism and ophthalmoplegia was diagnosed as having idiopathic granulomatous hypophysitis and later developed bilateral optic neuritis. She responded well to steroid treatment. Granulomatous hypophysitis is a rare entity, and this is the first reported case associated with optic neuritis.

Circling seizures.

Twelve cases with circling seizures are presented with their clinical, electroencephalographic and radiological findings. Four patients had symptomatic partial epilepsy, five had cryptogenic partial epilepsy, and the remaining three had idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Three of the patients with symptomatic partial epilepsy had frontal lesion, and one had parito-occipital lesion.

Balo's concentric sclerosis. Report of two patients with magnetic resonance imaging follow-up.

Balo's concentric sclerosis was diagnosed antemortem in 2 patients, by magnetic resonance (MR) imaging showing striking concentric alternating rings in 1 patient and by characteristic histopathological features in the other. The course of the lesions and the concentric pattern were followed by MR imaging for 3 years and 18 months, respectively. One patient demonstrated spontaneous remission that has not been reported in Balo's disease.