Novel lineage of anelloviruses with large genomes identified in dolphins.

Unlabelled: Anellovirus infections are ubiquitous in mammals but lack any clear disease association, suggesting a commensal virus-host relationship. Although anelloviruses have been identified in numerous mammalian hosts, their presence in members of the family Delphinidae has yet to be reported. Here, using a metagenomic approach, we characterize complete anellovirus genomes ( = 69) from four Delphinidae host species: short-finned pilot whale (, = 19), killer whale (, = 9), false killer whale (, = 6), and pantropical spotted dolphin (, = 1).

Distinguishing mutants that resist drugs via different mechanisms by examining fitness tradeoffs.

There is growing interest in designing multidrug therapies that leverage tradeoffs to combat resistance. Tradeoffs are common in evolution and occur when, for example, resistance to one drug results in sensitivity to another. Major questions remain about the extent to which tradeoffs are reliable, specifically, whether the mutants that provide resistance to a given drug all suffer similar tradeoffs.

Environment by environment interactions (ExE) differ across genetic backgrounds (ExExG).

While the terms "gene-by-gene interaction" (GxG) and "gene-by-environment interaction" (GxE) are widely recognized in the fields of quantitative and evolutionary genetics, "environment-byenvironment interaction" (ExE) is a term used less often. In this study, we find that environmentby-environment interactions are a meaningful driver of phenotypes, and moreover, that they differ across different genotypes (suggestive of ExExG). To support this conclusion, we analyzed a large dataset of roughly 1,000 mutant yeast strains with varying degrees of resistance to different antifungal drugs.

Managing Contact Dermatitis Without Patch Testing.

Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is a common skin condition caused by contact with an exogenous agent that elicits an inflammatory response. Patch testing (PT) is considered the gold standard for diagnosing ACD. Unfortunately, PT may not be available to some patients due to insurance and financial limitations, contributing to health care disparity and leaving patients with undiagnosed, incompletely managed dermatitis that can have further detrimental health and occupational effects.

An ultra high-throughput, massively multiplexable, single-cell RNA-seq platform in yeasts.

Yeasts are naturally diverse, genetically tractable, and easy to grow such that researchers can investigate any number of genotypes, environments, or interactions thereof. However, studies of yeast transcriptomes have been limited by the processing capabilities of traditional RNA sequencing techniques. Here we optimize a powerful, high-throughput single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) platform, SPLiT-seq (Split Pool Ligation-based Transcriptome sequencing), for yeasts and apply it to 43,388 cells of multiple species and ploidies.