Morphometric and Anatomic Variations of Foramen Ovale in Human Skull and Its Clinical Importance.

Objective: There is a paucity of information regarding the specific anatomy and clinical significance of variations of foramen ovale (FO). The present study was undertaken to define this anatomy in more detail and to review the literature regarding these anatomic variations.

Materials And Methods: A total of 124 adult human dry skulls were analyzed for the variations in appearance and number of FO being noted.

Neuroanatomical Changes in Brain Structures Related to Cognition in Epilepsy: An Update.

Understanding the microanatomical changes in brain structures is necessary for developing innovative therapeutic approaches to prevent/delay the cognitive impairment in epilepsy. We review here the microanatomical changes in the brain structures related to cognition in epilepsy. Here, we have presented the changes in major brain structures related to cognition, which helps the clinicians understand epilepsy more clearly and also helps researchers develop new treatment procedures.

Neuroanatomical changes in Parkinson's disease in relation to cognition: An update.

The pathophysiological changes underlying impairment of cognition in Parkinson's disease (PD) are complex and not fully understood till date. Hence, understanding the structural changes responsible for cognitive decline in PD is essential for early diagnosis and to offer effective treatment. In this review, we discuss the neuroanatomical changes in major brain structures responsible for cognition in PD.

Anatomical study of pectoral nerves and its implications in surgery.

Introduction: This anatomical study of the pectoral nerves and their innervation is to provide detail informations on the pectoral nerves and their variations in their course, to guide the cosmetic and plastic surgeons for their easy intra operative localization and to improve the understanding of the pectoral muscle innervation, which is very much required during breast reconstruction after modified radical mastectomy (MRM) in breast cancer; axillary dissection; removal of the pectoralis minor muscle, and in harvesting the pectoralis major for myocutaneous head and neck island flap surgeries.

Materials And Methods: A total of 50 pectoral region specimens (both right and left sided) from 25 embalmed adult human cadavers (20 female & 05 male) were studied by dissection method.

Statistical Analysis: The data were tabulated in Microsoft excel and analysed by using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS 17(th) version).