The V600E mutation aberrantly activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, subsequently resulting in uncontrolled cellular proliferation, survival, and dedifferentiation. Approximately 2% of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have a V600E mutation. BRAF and MEK inhibitor combination therapy targets two kinases within the MAPK pathway.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: The risks of postoperative complications in breast cancer patients vary by patient and tumor characteristics. Elevated BMI and invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) increase risks of surgical complications and positive margins, respectively.
Methods: We retrospectively analyzed patients with BMI ≥30 kg/m from an institutional ILC database.
Importance: Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBTi) is the standard of care for treating insomnia disorder, but access is limited. Alternative approaches are needed to expand access to the standard of care.
Objective: To examine the effectiveness of a nurse-supported, self-directed behavioral insomnia intervention for decreasing insomnia severity and improving sleep outcomes among veterans, a population with considerable mental health comorbidity.
Adult mammalian lungs exhibit a fractal pattern, as each successive generation of airways is a fraction of the size of the parental branch. Achieving this structure likely requires precise control of airway length and diameter, as the embryonic airways initially lack the fractal scaling observed in the adult. In monolayers and tubes, directional growth can be regulated by the planar cell polarity (PCP) complex.
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