An upper gastrointestinal ulcer still bleeding after endoscopy: what comes next?

Introduction: Recurrent bleeding from an upper gastrointestinal ulcer when endoscopy fails is a reason for radiological or surgical treatment, both of which have their advantages and disadvantages.

Case: Based on a patient with recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding, we reviewed the available evidence regarding the efficacy and safety of surgical treatment and embolisation, respectively.

Discussion: Transarterial embolisation (TAE) and surgical treatment are both options for recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding when endoscopy fails.