Multiscale dynamics of charging and plating in graphite electrodes coupling operando microscopy and phase-field modelling.

The phase separation dynamics in graphitic anodes significantly affects lithium plating propensity, which is the major degradation mechanism that impairs the safety and fast charge capabilities of automotive lithium-ion batteries. In this study, we present comprehensive investigation employing operando high-resolution optical microscopy combined with non-equilibrium thermodynamics implemented in a multi-dimensional (1D+1D to 3D) phase-field modeling framework to reveal the rate-dependent spatial dynamics of phase separation and plating in graphite electrodes. Here we visualize and provide mechanistic understanding of the multistage phase separation, plating, inter/intra-particle lithium exchange and plated lithium back-intercalation phenomena.

3D microstructure design of lithium-ion battery electrodes assisted by X-ray nano-computed tomography and modelling.

Driving range and fast charge capability of electric vehicles are heavily dependent on the 3D microstructure of lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) and substantial fundamental research is required to optimise electrode design for specific operating conditions. Here we have developed a full microstructure-resolved 3D model using a novel X-ray nano-computed tomography (CT) dual-scan superimposition technique that captures features of the carbon-binder domain. This elucidates how LiB performance is markedly affected by microstructural heterogeneities, particularly under high rate conditions.

Development of body knowledge as measured by arm differentiation in infants: From global to local?

The ability to sense and use the body parts in an organized and differentiated manner is a precursor of body knowledge in infancy. To acquire this ability, the infant's brain might explore the perceptual consequences of its bodily actions. Undifferentiated body movements would gradually be replaced by more precise actions.

Spatial Auto-Regressive Analysis of Correlation in 3-D PET With Application to Model-Based Simulation of Data.

When a scanner is installed and begins to be used operationally, its actual performance may deviate somewhat from the predictions made at the design stage. Thus it is recommended that routine quality assurance (QA) measurements be used to provide an operational understanding of scanning properties. While QA data are primarily used to evaluate sensitivity and bias patterns, there is a possibility to also make use of such data sets for a more refined understanding of the 3-D scanning properties.

Immune-Mediated Control of a Dormant Neurotropic RNA Virus Infection.

Genomic material from many neurotropic RNA viruses (e.g., measles virus [MV], West Nile virus [WNV], Sindbis virus [SV], rabies virus [RV], and influenza A virus [IAV]) remains detectable in the mouse brain parenchyma long after resolution of the acute infection.