Mapping the developmental trajectory of human astrocytes reveals divergence in glioblastoma.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is defined by heterogeneous and resilient cell populations that closely reflect neurodevelopmental cell types. Although it is clear that GBM echoes early and immature cell states, identifying the specific developmental programmes disrupted in these tumours has been hindered by a lack of high-resolution trajectories of glial and neuronal lineages. Here we delineate the course of human astrocyte maturation to uncover discrete developmental stages and attributes mirrored by GBM.

Alzheimer's Disease: In Vitro and In Vivo Evidence of Activation of the Plasma Bradykinin-Forming Cascade and Implications for Therapy.

The plaques associated with Alzheimer's disease are formed as a result of the aggregation of Aβ peptides, which vary in length from 38 to 43 amino acids. The 1-40 peptide is the most abundant, while the 1-42 peptide appears to be the most destructive to neurons and/or glial cells in a variety of assays. We have demonstrated that aggregated Aβ, a state prior to plaque formation, will activate the plasma bradykinin-forming pathway when tested in vitro.

A pilot evaluation of the diagnostic accuracy of ChatGPT-3.5 for multiple sclerosis from case reports.

The limitation of artificial intelligence (AI) large language models to diagnose diseases from the perspective of patient safety remains underexplored and potential challenges, such as diagnostic errors and legal challenges, need to be addressed. To demonstrate the limitations of AI, we used ChatGPT-3.5 developed by OpenAI, as a tool for medical diagnosis using text-based case reports of multiple sclerosis (MS), which was selected as a prototypic disease.

Platelet rich fibrin three-layer reconstruction of the sellar floor after endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach: technical note and initial experience.

Background: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage frequently complicates endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal pituitary resections, despite the use of lumbar drains, nasoseptal flaps, or commercial dura sealants. Managing this complication often requires revision surgery and increases the risk of infection. Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), an affordable autologous biomaterial derived from the patient's blood through short, angulated centrifugation, contains growth factors and leukocytes embedded in a fibrin matrix.

Ultrastructural Analysis Reveals Mitochondrial Placement Independent of Synapse Placement in Fine Caliber C. elegans Neurons.

Neurons rely on mitochondria for an efficient supply of ATP and other metabolites. However, while neurons are highly elongated, mitochondria are discrete and limited in number. Due to the slow rates of metabolite diffusion over long distances, it follows that neurons would benefit from an ability to control the distribution of mitochondria to sites of high metabolic activity such as synapses.