Multiprofessional clinical supervision: challenges for mental health nurses.

Recent reform and developments in mental health care provision have increasingly espoused the value of multiprofessional teamwork in order to ensure that clients are offered co-ordinated packages of care that draw on the full range of appropriate services available (DoH 1999a; DoH 2000). Supervision in some form is seen as a key part of all professional practice to provide support to practitioners, enhance ongoing learning, and, to a greater or lesser degree, offer some protection to the public (Brown & Bourne 1996, UKCC 1996). Clinical supervision has gained increasing momentum within the nursing profession, but to a large extent this has been within a uni-professional framework -- nurses supervising other nurses.

Parallel process in clinical supervision: enhancing learning and providing support.

The introduction of clinical supervision in nursing is gaining momentum and is proposed as having numerous benefits for nurses, organizations, and ultimately patient care. The necessity for such supervision has arisen partly from a fundamental shift in the nature and definition of nursing work. The emphasis on individualized, holistic care has led to a change in role from one characterized by professional distance to one in which interpersonal involvement is seen as central.

Programmed cell death during metamorphosis in the blow-fly Calliphora vomitoria.

During metamorphosis, the salivary glands of the blow-fly undergo programmed cell death. Data is presented indicating that this programmed cell death does not in many respects emulate classical apoptosis. The cells are seen to vacuolate and swell rather than condense and shrink.

Cell death in the salivary glands of metamorphosing Calliphora vomitoria.

The salivary gland cells of Calliphora vomitoria larvae initiate and complete their own destruction in a programmed manner at the onset of metamorphosis. On entering the post-feeding period the larvae come to rest and the polytene salivary gland cells show a significant increase in DNA synthesis followed closely by a surge of mRNA synthesis accompanied by increasing protein production. During this prelude to cell death the new mRNA gives rise to at least 10 new proteins.

The use of backscattered electron imaging, X-ray microanalysis and X-ray microscopy in demonstrating physiological cell death.

The cytochemical localization of enzymatic activity by means of backscattered electron imaging (BEI) is reviewed and the application of BEI to changes in acid phosphatase and ATPase distribution during physiological (programmed) cell death in Heliothis midgut is explored. Programmed cell death entails the release of nascent free acid phosphatase as extracisternal hydrolase. This shift can readily be detected by means of the atomic number contrast imparted by BEI of the lead phosphatase reaction product, thus enabling the distribution of dying cells to be mapped.