Adapting Urban Water Systems to Manage Scarcity in the 21st Century: The Case of Los Angeles.

Acute water shortages for large metropolitan regions are likely to become more frequent as climate changes impact historic precipitation levels and urban population grows. California and Los Angeles County have just experienced a severe four year drought followed by a year of high precipitation, and likely drought conditions again in Southern California. We show how the embedded preferences for distant sources, and their local manifestations, have created and/or exacerbated fluctuations in local water availability and suboptimal management.

STEM and HRTEM studies of accumulated deposits on human tooth surface.

The aim of this study was to clarify the fine structure of accumulated deposits on the surface of teeth that are considered to affect the gloss of teeth. The study was carried out using, as specimens, human incisor teeth having gloss, which were extracted from teenage donors and those incapable of showing gloss even by brushing which were extracted from donors in their 50s. Thin longitudinal sections of tooth enamel with accumulated deposits on the surface were prepared by focused ion beam (FIB) milling, and the fine structure was analyzed using a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) and a high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM).

Fine structure of tooth enamel in the yellowing human teeth: SEM and HRTEM studies.

Objective: The aim of this study was to clarify an influence of the fine structure of human tooth enamel to the yellowing teeth.

Materials And Methods: Sound maxillary first premolars of 15-50-year-old females that were extracted for the orthodontic treatment were used as the test samples. The tooth enamel sections of these teeth that prepared by ion polishing were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Characterization of typical and atypical enteroaggregative escherichia coli in Kagoshima, Japan: biofilm formation and acid resistance.

EAEC is increasingly recognized as an emerging enteric pathogen. Typical EAEC expressing the AggR regulon have been proven to be an important cause of childhood diarrhea in industrialized countries as well as in the developing world, while atypical EAEC without this regulon have not been thoroughly investigated. To investigate the bacteriological characteristics of EAEC, including both typical and atypical strains in Kagoshima, Japan, 2417 E.