Publications by authors named "K Makinen"
Article Synopsis
- Potato virus A is a single-stranded RNA virus that infects crops and requires its genome for various functions during its infection cycle.
- Researchers aimed to quantify how much of the viral RNA is present in virions compared to that associated with host polysomes, as this information was previously lacking.
- The study found that 69% of the viral RNA exists as encapsidated genomes, with only 3% interacting with host polysomes, which is important for understanding viral translation and protein synthesis.
The replication system explores the concept of separating the viral RNA involved in the translation of the replicase protein from the replication of the viral genome and has been successfully used to study the replication mechanisms of alphaviruses. We tested the feasibility of this system with potato virus X (PVX), an alpha-like virus, . A viral RNA template was designed which does not produce the replicase and prevents virion formation but remains recognizable by the replicase.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe authors present a case concerning an adult male patient who developed multiple sites of root caries adjacent to the area where he habitually held a sugar-free nicotine lozenge that contained mannitol and maltodextrin. The root caries occurred despite the patient's excellent oral hygiene, exemplary dietary habits, and clinically normal salivary flow. Between 1999 and 2008, he had only required two restorations to repair carious lesions.
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- * Key interactions, like the one between the eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) and viral protein genome-linked (VPg), are essential for viral translation and the protection of viral RNA, highlighting the complexity of potyviral infection processes.
- * Recent findings about reverse-sense vRNA and the expression of viral proteins challenge traditional models of how potyviruses operate, suggesting that the understanding of potyviral protein interactions is still evolving.
The European Union (EU) has developed cultural policy initiatives that seek to promote cultural Europeanization with the purpose of constructing European identity narratives and facilitating citizens' sense of belonging to Europe and the EU. The article focuses on the citizens' perspective to cultural Europeanization through ethnographic research on one central action in the EU cultural policy, European Heritage Label (EHL). We analyse the interviews conducted in selected EHL sites with Central and East European (CEE) citizens who were visiting the sites as well as with cultural heritage practitioners working at three EHL sites located in CEE countries.
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