Depression and smoking: a 5-year prospective study of patients with major depressive disorder.

Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD) and smoking are major public health problems and epidemiologically strongly associated. However, the relationship between smoking and depression and whether this is influenced by common confounding factors remain unclear, in part due to limited longitudinal data on covariation.

Methods: In the Vantaa Depression Study, psychiatric out- and inpatients with DSM-IV MDD and aged 20-59 years at were followed from baseline to 6 months, 18 months, and 5 years.

A 5-year prospective study of predictors for disability pension among patients with major depressive disorder.

Objective: There is a scarcity of prospective long-term studies on work disability caused by depression. We investigated predictors for disability pension among psychiatric patients with MDD.

Method: The Vantaa Depression Study followed up prospectively 269 psychiatric in- and out-patients with DSM-IV MDD for 5 years with a life chart, including 230 (91.

Perceptions of addictions as societal problems in Canada, sweden, Finland and st. Petersburg, Russia.

Aims: This study reports on the relative gravity people attribute to various addictive behaviors with respect to other societal concerns in four northern populations with different history, social policy and treatment alternatives for addicted individuals.

Methods: Random population surveys were conducted in Canada, Sweden, Finland and St. Petersburg, Russia.