Ultrafast adaptive optics for imaging the living human eye.

Adaptive optics (AO) is a powerful method for correcting dynamic aberrations in numerous applications. When applied to the eye, it enables cellular-resolution retinal imaging and enhanced visual performance and stimulation. Most ophthalmic AO systems correct dynamic aberrations up to 1-2 Hz, the commonly-known cutoff frequency for correcting ocular aberrations.

Septal wall synthesis is sufficient to change ameba-like cells into uniform oval-shaped cells in Escherichia coli L-forms.

A cell wall is required to control cell shape and size to maintain growth and division. However, some bacterial species maintain their morphology and size without a cell wall, calling into question the importance of the cell wall to maintain shape and size. It has been very difficult to examine the dispensability of cell wall synthesis in rod-shaped bacteria such as Escherichia coli for maintenance of their shape and size because they lyse without cell walls under normal culture conditions.

Second malignancy in advanced or recurrent non-small cell lung cancer after the advent of molecular targeted drugs and immunotherapy.

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of patients with recurrent or advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) or immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) who developed secondary malignancies, as well as evaluate the impact of these secondary malignancies on the course of lung cancer.

Materials And Methods: This study included 112 patients with postoperative recurrent or advanced NSCLC, who received TKIs, ICIs, or immune combination therapy as the primary treatment modality between April 1, 2013, and March 31, 2020, and achieved long-term survival (≥2 years). Secondary malignancies were defined as newly diagnosed cancers in other organs occurring after NSCLC treatment initiation.

Remodeling of the secretory pathway is coordinated with membrane formation in budding yeast gametogenesis.

Gametogenesis in budding yeast involves a large-scale rearrangement of membrane traffic to allow the formation of a membrane, called the prospore membrane (PSM). However, the mechanism underlying this event is not fully elucidated. Here, we show that the number of endoplasmic reticulum exit sites (ERES) per cell fluctuates and switches from decreasing to increasing upon the onset of PSM formation.