Cognitive impairment in PSP compared with PD: assessment by clinical subtype and longitudinal change.

Background: Longitudinal studies investigating cognitive function changes in patients with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) are limited. The variability of cognitive impairment across clinical subtypes of PSP remains unclear.

Objective: This study aimed to compare the longitudinal changes in cognitive function between patients with PSP and Parkinson's disease (PD) and to assess differences in cognitive impairment among PSP subtypes.

Protocol for the playback of phantom echoes from approaching objects to scanning bats.

Because bats emit ultrasound and listen to echoes to perceive their surroundings, presenting phantom echoes is useful for understanding their perception of echolocation. Here, we present a protocol for the real-time playback of phantom echoes, especially from approaching objects. We describe steps for presenting virtual objects using a microphone, digital signal processor, and loudspeaker to induce the escape behavior of bats.

Safety evaluations for transtympanic laser stimulation of the cochlea in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus).

Infrared laser stimulation of the cochlea has been proposed as a possible alternative to conventional auditory prostheses. Whereas previous studies have focused primarily on the short-term effects of laser stimulation, the practical application of this technics requires an investigation into whether prolonged laser exposure can induce neural responses and safely. This study assessed the effect of laser-induced damage to the cochlea on auditory perception using Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) trained with a classical conditioning task.

Doppler detection triggers instantaneous escape behavior in scanning bats.

Animals must instantaneously escape from predators for survival, which requires quick detection of approaching threats. Although the neural mechanisms underlying the perception of looming objects have been extensively studied in the visual system, little is known about their auditory counterparts. Echolocating bats use their auditory senses to perceive not only the soundscape, but also the physical environment through active sensing.

Discrimination of object information by bat echolocation deciphered from acoustic simulations.

High-precision visual sensing has been achieved by combining cameras with deep learning. However, an unresolved challenge involves identifying information that remains elusive for optical sensors, such as occlusion spots hidden behind objects. Compared to light, sound waves have longer wavelengths and can, therefore, collect information on occlusion spots.