Detailed characterisation of the Co-Smad protein in liver fluke .

Fasciolosis, caused by the liver flukes and , is a zoonotic parasitic disease associated with substantial economic losses in livestock. The transforming growth factor-beta signalling pathway is implicated in developmental processes and biological functions throughout the animal kingdom, including the spp. It may also mediate host-helminth interactions during infection.

Molecular prevalence of and in recently calved female cattle from Phayao, Thailand.

Background And Aim: and , the zoonotic protozoa responsible for toxoplasmosis and trypanosomiasis, are significant threats to the productivity and financial stability of livestock farming. can be transmitted horizontally through ingestion of fecal oocysts and through arthropod vectors. In addition, both species can be transmitted from mother to fetus through the placenta.