Pharmacological target sites for restoration of age-associated deficits in NMDA receptor-mediated norepinephrine release in brain.

Aging affects virtually all organs of the body, but perhaps it has the most profound effects on the brain and its neurotransmitter systems, which influence a wide range of crucial functions, such as attention, focus, mood, neuroendocrine and autonomic functions, and sleep cycles. All of these essential functions, as well as fundamental cognitive processes such as memory, recall, and processing speed, utilize neuronal circuits that depend on neurotransmitter signaling between neurons. Glutamate (Glu), the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS, is involved in most neuronal excitatory functions, including release of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine (NE).

Calcium and Phosphorus: All You Need to Know but Were Afraid to Ask.

Inadequate intake of calcium and phosphorus during the perinatal period can result in metabolic bone disease (MBD), characterized by decreased bone mass, altered bone mineralization, and increased risk for fractures. Preterm neonates have higher risk of developing MBD. Treating MBD involves ensuring adequate calcium and phosphorus intake, early fortification, and vitamin D supplementation.

Molecular Characterization and Treatment Approaches for Pediatric -Altered Diffuse Midline Glioma: Integrated Systematic Review of Individual Clinical Trial Participant Data.

Diffuse midline glioma (DMG), -altered are highly aggressive, incurable central nervous system (CNS) tumors. The current standard palliative treatment is radiotherapy, with most children succumbing to the disease in less than one year from the time of diagnosis. Over the past decade, there have been significant advancements in our understanding of these heterogeneous tumors at the molecular level.

Venlafaxine Stimulates an MMP-9-Dependent Increase in Excitatory/Inhibitory Balance in a Stress Model of Depression.

Emerging evidence suggests that there is a reduction in overall cortical excitatory to inhibitory balance in major depressive disorder (MDD), which afflicts ∼14%-20% of individuals. Reduced pyramidal cell arborization occurs with stress and MDD, and may diminish excitatory neurotransmission. Enhanced deposition of perineuronal net (PNN) components also occurs with stress.