Children with Spinal Muscular Atrophy Have Reduced Vertebral Body Height and Depth and Pedicle Size in Comparison to Age-Matched Healthy Controls.

Background: Most children with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) develop spinal deformity, which may require surgical intervention. In addition to poor bone stock, vertebral body shape may hinder the placement of spinal implants resulting in complications and poor outcome. The aim of this study was to analyze whether vertebral body morphology of children and adolescents with SMA is altered in comparison to healthy age-matched controls.

Vertebral body changes after continuous spinal distraction in scoliotic children.

Purpose: Growth-friendly spinal implants (GFSI) were established for scoliotic children as an interim solution until definite spinal fusion could be performed during puberty. While deformity control was clearly proven, the effects on vertebral shape and morphology are still unclear. Our prospective study assesses the effect of GFSI with continuous distraction on vertebral body shape and volume in SMA children in comparison with previously untreated age-matched SMA patients.

Chromosomal rearrangements in holocentric organisms lead to reproductive isolation by hybrid dysfunction: The correlation between karyotype rearrangements and germination rates in sedges.

Premise Of The Study: Understanding the drivers of speciation is a central task of evolutionary biology. Chromosomal rearrangements are known to play an important role in species diversification, but the role of rearrangements of holocentric chromosomes-chromosomes without localized centromeres-is poorly understood.

Methods: We made numerous artificial crosses between Carex scoparia individuals of different diploid chromosome numbers and, for comparison, between individuals of the same chromosome number.

APOBEC3A and APOBEC3B are potent inhibitors of LTR-retrotransposon function in human cells.

While the ability of APOBEC3G to reduce the replication of a range of exogenous retroviruses is now well established, recent evidence has suggested that APOBEC3G can also inhibit the replication of endogenous retrotransposons that bear long terminal repeats. Here, we extend this earlier work by showing that two other members of the human APOBEC3 protein family, APOBEC3B and APOBEC3A, can reduce retrotransposition by the intracisternal A-particle (IAP) retrotransposon in human cells by 20-fold to up to 100-fold, respectively. This compares to an approximately 4-fold inhibition in IAP retrotransposition induced by APOBEC3G.

Toward a live microbial microbicide for HIV: commensal bacteria secreting an HIV fusion inhibitor peptide.

Most HIV transmission occurs on the mucosal surfaces of the gastrointestinal and cervicovaginal tracts, both of which are normally coated by a biofilm of nonpathogenic commensal bacteria. We propose to genetically engineer such naturally occurring bacteria to protect against HIV infection by secreting antiviral peptides. Here we describe the development and characterization of Nissle 1917, a highly colonizing probiotic strain of Escherichia coli, secreting HIV-gp41-hemolysin A hybrid peptides that block HIV fusion and entry into target cells.