The effect of thermal pasteurization, freeze-drying, and gamma irradiation on donor human milk.

The availability of donor human milk (DHM) is currently limited by the volumes that can be thermally pasteurized and kept in long-term cold storage. This study assesses the application of freeze-drying followed by low-dose gamma irradiation of DHM for simplified, safe long-term storage. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) GC-MS, SDS and native PAGE gel electrophoresis demonstrated that the overall changes in volatile and protein profiles in Holder pasteurized and freeze-dried DHM was negligible compared to the natural variations in DHM.

The Effects of Thermal Pasteurisation, Freeze-Drying, and Gamma-Irradiation on the Antibacterial Properties of Donor Human Milk.

The most common pasteurisation method used by human milk banks is Holder pasteurisation. This involves thermal processing, which can denature important proteins and can potentially reduce the natural antimicrobial properties found in human milk. This study assesses the application of a hybrid method comprised of freeze-drying followed by low-dose gamma-irradiation for nonthermal donor human milk pasteurisation.

The risk of infectious pathogens in breast-feeding, donated human milk and breast milk substitutes.

Objective: This review collates the published reports that focus on microbial and viral illnesses that can be transmitted by breast milk, donor milk and powdered infant formula (PIF). In this context, we attempt to define a risk framework encompassing those hazards, exposure scenarios, vulnerability and protective factors.

Design: A literature search was performed for reported cases of morbidity and mortality associated with different infant feeding modes.

Dynamical signatures from competing, nonadiabatic fragmentation pathways of S-nitrosothiophenol.

S-Nitrosothiols (RSNOs) are derived from the combination of sulfur and nitric oxide (NO) radicals in the Earth's atmosphere and fragment to products following photolysis. Extensive theoretical studies have focused on the thermodynamic and, to a lesser extent, photochemical properties of RSNOs. However, experimental studies of these compounds have been limited due to the inherent instability of RSNOs at room temperature.

Imaging the nonreactive collisional quenching dynamics of NO (AΣ) radicals with O (XΣ ).

Nitric oxide (NO) radicals are ubiquitous chemical intermediates present in the atmosphere and in combustion processes, where laser-induced fluorescence is extensively used on the NO (AΣ ← XΠ) band to report on fuel-burning properties. However, accurate fluorescence quantum yields and NO concentration measurements are impeded by electronic quenching of NO (AΣ) to NO (XΠ) with colliding atomic and molecular species. To improve predictive combustion models and develop a molecular-level understanding of NO (AΣ) quenching, we report the velocity map ion images and product state distributions of NO (XΠ, v″ = 0, J″, F, Λ) following nonreactive collisional quenching of NO (AΣ) with molecular oxygen, O (XΣ ).