An Overview of Noninvasive Brain Stimulation: Basic Principles and Clinical Applications.

The brain has the innate ability to undergo neuronal plasticity, which refers to changes in its structure and functions in response to continued changes in the environment. Although these concepts are well established in animal slice preparation models, their application to a large number of human subjects could only be achieved using noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of plasticity induction using NIBS techniques including transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), random noise stimulation (RNS), transcranial ultrasound stimulation (TUS), vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), and galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS).

Gastrointestinal dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: molecular pathology and implications of gut microbiome, probiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation.

Gastrointestinal symptoms and gut dysbiosis may occur before the onset of motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD). Prediagnostic and prodromal features, such as constipation and α-synuclein pathology, can be detected several years before the clinical diagnosis of PD and have the potential to develop as early PD biomarkers. Environmental toxins and gut dysbiosis may trigger oxidative stress and mucosal inflammation, and initiate α-synuclein accumulation in the enteric nervous system, early in PD.

Clinical Evaluation of Low Level Diode Laser Application For Primary Teeth Pulpotomy.

Introduction: Inspite of latest advances in the materials and techniques practiced for the treatment of pulpally infected teeth with better reported success rate, still the question arises for safety and effectiveness of these medicaments.

Aim: The objective of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of the Low Level Laser Therapy to Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) when used for pulpotomy in vital human primary molars.

Materials And Methods: The sample consisted of 40 primary molars from 29 children aged four to seven years.