The Value of Medical Innovation Versus Industry Rewards.

Objectives: This article provides systematic evidence on the share of the value of health generated by drugs and other healthcare goods and services that accrue to patients on the demand side versus the manufacturers on the supply side.

Methods: We exploit a large data set with > 9000 cost-effectiveness measures for various interventions, which we convert into measures of the shares of the value of improved health appropriated by the supply side using literature estimates of how patients value gains in health.

Results: We find that if patients value a quality-adjusted life-year at $450 000 the median share appropriated for drugs on the supply side is approximately 6% and has declined at 0.

Development of an evaluation framework and assessment tools to assess the foot and mouth disease (FMD) control policies and their implementation in the proposed FMD-free zone in Thailand.

This paper proposes an evaluation framework and assessment tools for use in the evaluation of the current foot and mouth disease (FMD) control policies in Thailand and their implementation in the eastern region of the country (the proposed FMD-free zone). To develop the framework and assessment tools this study identified: a) the essential elements of a successful FMD control programme; b) stakeholders who are affected by the FMD control programme; and c) relevant Department of Livestock Development regulations and documents. These regulations and documents were used as the foundation for development of the framework and assessment tools.

Dicarboxylic esters: Useful tools for the biocatalyzed synthesis of hybrid compounds and polymers.

Dicarboxylic acids and their derivatives (esters and anhydrides) have been used as acylating agents in lipase-catalyzed reactions in organic solvents. The synthetic outcomes have been dimeric or hybrid derivatives of bioactive natural compounds as well as functionalized polyesters.

Ambulance nurses' experiences of nursing critically ill and injured children: A difficult aspect of ambulance nursing care.

Background: Ambulance nurses work daily in both emergency and non-emergency situations that can be demanding. One emotionally demanding situation for ambulance nurses is to nurse children who are ill.

Aim: The aim of this study was to describe ambulance nurses' experiences of nursing critically ill or injured children.

Rational engineering of Candida antarctica lipase B for selective monoacylation of diols.

The enzyme Candida antarctica lipase B was subjected to site directed mutagenesis suggested by molecular modelling. The selectivity for the enzyme increased towards a range of diols over their corresponding monoesters as an effect of the mutations.