Parallel optical trap assisted nanopatterning on rough surfaces.

There exist many optical lithography techniques for generating nanostructures on hard, flat surfaces over large areas. However, few techniques are able to create such patterns on soft materials or surfaces with pre-existing structure. To address this need, we demonstrate the use of parallel optical trap assisted nanopatterning (OTAN) to provide an efficient and robust direct-write method of producing nanoscale features without the need for focal plane adjustment.

Higher rate of comorbidities after cardiac retransplantation contributes to decreased survival.

Background: Cardiac retransplantation is the definitive treatment for allograft failure despite decreased long-term survival in these patients. The cause of the poorer outcomes in cardiac retransplant patients is unclear.

Methods: This study was a retrospective analysis of 859 adult cardiac transplant patients.

Microdeflectometry--a novel tool to acquire three-dimensional microtopography with nanometer height resolution.

We introduce "microdeflectometry," a novel technique for measuring the microtopography of specular surfaces. The primary data are the local slope of the surface under test. Measuring the slope instead of the height implies high information efficiency and extreme sensitivity to local shape irregularities.