[Sonographic diagnosis of a calculus in the obstructed pancreatic duct].

It is shown by means of a case report on a calculus in the dilated pancreatic duct, that abnormalities in small structures such as the pancreatic duct can be revealed by ultrasound, using current gray-scale instrumentation.

[Diurnal sonographic imaging potential of the pancreas].

To examine possible diurnal variations in sonographic imaging of the pancreas, 20 patients were repeatedly examined during the day and also during the night. No variations were seen in the imaging quality of the pancreas. Hence, sonography of the pancreas can be effected at any time without any preparatory work, whenever there is any pain or a significant sign in the upper abdomen.

[The pelvicaliceal system in the sonogram--distinction between physiological and pathological dilatation].

Dilatation of the pelvicalyceal system was documented in volunteers with healthy kidneys in whom renal excretation was increased by means of a variety of methods. As a rule, the proximal ureter is not visualised. In mild or moderate urinary obstruction, however, the ureter is almost always visible, and stasis is mostly unilateral.

[Craniocaudad extension of the head of the pancreas].

In 106 patients without pancreatic disease subjected to ultrasound examination the craniocaudad dimension of the pancreatic head was determined. The mean craniocaudad echographic size of the pancreatic head was 5.9 cm in female and 6.

[Sonographic artifacts of round reflectors].

The appearance of the proximal curved edge artifact using linear-array systems is demonstrated in five cases. Furthermore simulation of this artifact was achieved in a waterbath. A physical explanation of this phenomenon is discussed.