Sampling strategy, quantification, characterization and hazard potential assessment of greywater from ships in the Baltic Sea.

Ship-generated greywater contains a variety of pollutants which, through various pathways, usually are discharged into the sea. To understand the seasonal variation in greywater volumes, the contaminant concentrations in, and the potential hazard of, ship-generated greywater streams, a four-phase strategy for sampling, characterization and hazard assessment of greywater was developed and implemented. Eight greywater streams, sampled from five ships, were characterized for selected pollutants.

Characterization of scrubber water discharges from ships using comprehensive suspect screening strategies based on GC-APCI-HRMS.

An extended suspect screening approach for the comprehensive chemical characterization of scrubber discharge waters from exhaust gas cleaning systems (EGCSs), used to reduce atmospheric shipping emissions of sulphur oxides, was developed. The suspect screening was based on gas chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS) and focused on the identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their alkylated derivatives (alkyl-PAHs), which are among the most frequent and potentially toxic organic contaminants detected in these matrices. Although alkyl-PAHs can be even more abundant than parent compounds, information regarding their occurrence in scrubber waters is scarce.

Introduction of a More Glutaredoxin-like Active Site to PDI Results in Competition between Protein Substrate and Glutathione Binding.

Proteins in the thioredoxin superfamily share a similar fold, contain a -CXXC- active site, and catalyze oxidoreductase reactions by dithiol-disulfide exchange mechanisms. Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) has two -CGHC- active sites. For in vitro studies, oxidation/reduction of PDI during the catalytic cycle is accomplished with glutathione.

Quantification and physical analysis of nanoparticle emissions from a marine engine using different fuels and a laboratory wet scrubber.

A marine test-bed diesel engine was used to study how international fuel sulfur content (FSC) regulations and wet scrubbing can affect physical properties of submicron exhaust particles. Particle size distributions, particle number and mass emission factors as well as effective densities of particulate emissions were measured for three distillate fuels of varying FSC and a laboratory wet scrubber. While particle number concentrations were reduced by up to 9% when switching to low FSC fuels, wet scrubbing led to increased ultrafine particulate emissions (<30 nm).

Effects of seawater scrubbing on a microplanktonic community during a summer-bloom in the Baltic Sea.

The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has gradually applied stricter regulations on the maximum sulphur content permitted in marine fuels and from January 1, 2020, the global fuel sulphur limit was reduced from 3.5% to 0.5%.