Reprogramming to recover youthful epigenetic information and restore vision.

Ageing is a degenerative process that leads to tissue dysfunction and death. A proposed cause of ageing is the accumulation of epigenetic noise that disrupts gene expression patterns, leading to decreases in tissue function and regenerative capacity. Changes to DNA methylation patterns over time form the basis of ageing clocks, but whether older individuals retain the information needed to restore these patterns-and, if so, whether this could improve tissue function-is not known.

Glycosaminoglycan-based hydrogels with programmable host reactions.

Glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-based, biohybrid hydrogels offering far-reaching control over their physical and biomolecular signaling properties have been successfully used in various cell and tissue culture applications. To explore the suitability of the materials for in vivo use, we herein studied the host reaction to in situ-assembling star(PEG)-GAG hydrogel variants upon subcutaneous implantation in immunocompetent C57BL/6J mice for up to 28 days. Specifically, we investigated the immune reaction and the angiogenic response to hydrogels with systematically varied cytokine functionalizations, physical network (and mechanical) properties, cell adhesiveness, and enzymatic degradability.

Therapeutic Potential of NAD-Boosting Molecules: The In Vivo Evidence.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), the cell's hydrogen carrier for redox enzymes, is well known for its role in redox reactions. More recently, it has emerged as a signaling molecule. By modulating NAD-sensing enzymes, NAD controls hundreds of key processes from energy metabolism to cell survival, rising and falling depending on food intake, exercise, and the time of day.

Expandable and Rapidly Differentiating Human Induced Neural Stem Cell Lines for Multiple Tissue Engineering Applications.

Limited availability of human neurons poses a significant barrier to progress in biological and preclinical studies of the human nervous system. Current stem cell-based approaches of neuron generation are still hindered by prolonged culture requirements, protocol complexity, and variability in neuronal differentiation. Here we establish stable human induced neural stem cell (hiNSC) lines through the direct reprogramming of neonatal fibroblasts and adult adipose-derived stem cells.