Altered oligodendroglia and astroglia in chronic traumatic encephalopathy.

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a progressive tauopathy found in contact sport athletes, military veterans, and others exposed to repetitive head impacts. White matter rarefaction and axonal loss have been reported in CTE but have not been characterized on a molecular or cellular level. Here, we present RNA sequencing profiles of cell nuclei from postmortem dorsolateral frontal white matter from eight individuals with neuropathologically confirmed CTE and eight age- and sex-matched controls.

Considering the rates of growth in two taxa of coral across Pacific islands.

Reef-building coral taxa demonstrate considerable flexibility and diversity in reproduction and growth mechanisms. Corals take advantage of this flexibility to increase or decrease size through clonal expansion and loss of live tissue area (i.e.

Epibionts on Turbinaria ornata, a secondary foundational macroalga on coral reefs, provide diverse trophic support to fishes.

Worldwide, many coral reef ecosystems have shifted from coral to algal dominance, yet the ecological function of these emergent communities remains relatively unknown. Turbinaria ornata, a macroalga with a rapidly expanding range in the South Pacific, forms dense stands on hard substrate, likely providing ecological services unique from corals. While generally unpalatable, T.

A knowledge based approach for representing and reasoning about signaling networks.

Motivation: In this paper we propose to use recent developments in knowledge representation languages and reasoning methodologies for representing and reasoning about signaling networks. Our approach is different from most other qualitative systems biology approaches in that it is based on reasoning (or inferencing) rather than simulation. Some of the advantages of our approach are, we can use recent advances in reasoning with incomplete and partial information to deal with gaps in signal network knowledge; and can perform various kinds of reasoning such as planning, hypothetical reasoning and explaining observations.