The impact of smartphone-dispatched CPR-trained volunteers on OHCA outcomes is influenced by patient age.

The early initiation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) measures by non-professionals before the arrival of Emergency Medical Service (EMS) is known to be crucial for improving outcomes after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). We assessed the impact of deploying CPR-trained volunteers via a smartphone-based alerting system on the outcome of OHCA patients. In a retrospective nonrandomized cohort study, all OHCA cases in the city of Aachen over a six-year period were analysed.

Overall Disability Response Score: An integrated endpoint to assess disability improvement and worsening over time in patients with multiple sclerosis.

Background: Overall Disability Response Score (ODRS) is a composite endpoint including Expanded Disability Status Scale, Timed 25-foot Walk, and 9-Hole Peg Test, designed to quantify both disability improvement and worsening in multiple sclerosis (MS).

Objective: To assess the sensitivity and clinical meaningfulness of ODRS using natalizumab Phase 3 data sets (AFFIRM in relapsing-remitting MS and ASCEND in secondary progressive MS).

Methods: Differences in ODRS over 96 weeks, ODRS at Week 96, and slope of ODRS change per year between natalizumab and placebo groups were analyzed.

Next-generation Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor BIIB091 selectively and potently inhibits B cell and Fc receptor signaling and downstream functions in B cells and myeloid cells.

Objectives: Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) plays a non-redundant signaling role downstream of the B-cell receptor (BCR) in B cells and the receptors for the Fc region of immunoglobulins (FcR) in myeloid cells. Here, we characterise BIIB091, a novel, potent, selective and reversible small-molecule inhibitor of BTK.

Methods: BIIB091 was evaluated and in preclinical models and in phase 1 clinical trial.

Effect of dimethyl fumarate on lymphocyte subsets in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis.

Background: In patients treated with dimethyl fumarate, absolute lymphocyte count decline typically occurs during the first year and then plateaus; early drops have been associated with the development of severe prolonged lymphopenia.

Objective: We investigated the effect of dimethyl fumarate on absolute lymphocyte counts and CD4+/CD8+ T cells in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis treated with dimethyl fumarate in routine practice.

Methods: Lymphocyte data were collected via medical chart abstraction.

In vivo characterization of functional states of cortical microglia during peripheral inflammation.

Peripheral inflammation is known to trigger a mirror inflammatory response in the brain, involving brain's innate immune cells - microglia. However, the functional phenotypes, which these cells adopt in the course of peripheral inflammation, remain obscure. In vivo two-photon imaging of microglial Ca signaling as well as process motility reveals two distinct functional states of cortical microglia during a lipopolysaccharide-induced peripheral inflammation: an early "sensor state" characterized by dramatically increased intracellular Ca signaling but ramified morphology and a later "effector state" characterized by slow normalization of intracellular Ca signaling but hypertrophic morphology, substantial IL-1β production in a subset of cells as well as increased velocity of directed process extension and loss of coordination between individual processes.