The two coin sides of bacterial extracellular membrane nanovesicles: atherosclerosis trigger or remedy.

Among the numerous driving forces that cause the atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), pathogenic bacterial extracellular membrane nanovesicles (BEMNs) containing toxins and virulence factors appear to be the key trigger of inflammation and atherogenesis, the major processes involved in the pathogenesis of ASCVD. Since BEMNs are the carriers of nanosized biomolecules to distant sites, they are now being considered as a novel drug delivery system. Nowadays, many therapeutic strategies are used to treat ASCVD.

The Role of Bacterial Extracellular Membrane Nanovesicles in Atherosclerosis: Unraveling a Potential Trigger.

Purpose Of Review: In this review, we explore the intriguing and evolving connections between bacterial extracellular membrane nanovesicles (BEMNs) and atherosclerosis development, highlighting the evidence on molecular mechanisms by which BEMNs can promote the athero-inflammatory process that is central to the progression of atherosclerosis.

Recent Findings: Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease primarily driven by metabolic and lifestyle factors; however, some studies have suggested that bacterial infections may contribute to the development of both atherogenesis and inflammation in atherosclerotic lesions. In particular, the participation of BEMNs in atherosclerosis pathogenesis has attracted special attention.

Hypotheses on Atherogenesis Triggering: Does the Infectious Nature of Atherosclerosis Development Have a Substruction?

Since the end of the 20th century, it has been clear that atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease. However, the main triggering mechanism of the inflammatory process in the vascular walls is still unclear. To date, many different hypotheses have been put forward to explain the causes of atherogenesis, and all of them are supported by strong evidence.

Involvement of Bacterial Extracellular Membrane Nanovesicles in Infectious Diseases and Their Application in Medicine.

Bacterial extracellular membrane nanovesicles (EMNs) are attracting the attention of scientists more and more every year. These formations are involved in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases, among which, of course, the leading role is occupied by infectious diseases, the causative agents of which are a range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. A separate field for the study of the role of EMN is cancer.

[Bacterial Outer Membrane Nanovesicles: Structure, Biogenesis, Functions, and Application in Biotechnology and Medicine (Review)].

The review summarizes the comprehensive biochemical and physicochemical characteristics of extracellular membrane nanovesicles (EMN) derived from different kinds of bacteria. The EMN structure, composition, biogenesis, secretion mechanisms, formation conditions, functions, involvement in pathogenesis, and application in biotechnology and medicine are discussed.