A Comprehensive Insight on Pharmaceutical Co-crystals for Improvement of Aqueous Solubility.

Various drugs are not able to reach the market due to their poor bioavailability and poor solubility in aqueous media. Hence, several approaches are used to enhance the solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs. Co-crystallization is one of the approaches used to enhance the solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs.

Natural immunity to rotavirus infection in children.

Annual deaths in infants and young children due to rotavirus (RV) infection are around 100,000 in India and about 600,000 globally. Development of a vaccine for this disease is a high priority. The protective mechanisms for RV diarrhea in human are not fully understood, but it is known that children develop natural immunity against RV.

Evaluation of IFN-gamma response to rotavirus and non-structural protein NSP4 of rotavirus in children following severe rotavirus diarrhea.

Background: Rotavirus (RV) is the commonest cause of severe gastroenteritis in young children worldwide. However the natural immune mechanisms controlling and preventing rotavirus disease in humans are not fully understood.

Objective: To examine cellular immune responses to whole rotavirus (vaccine strain, 116E) and non-structural protein-4 (116E-NSP4) in children during natural rotavirus-infection.

Quantitative evaluation of rotaviral antigenemia in children with acute rotaviral diarrhea.

Background: Rotaviral antigen and RNA have recently been identified in the serum of patients with rotaviral gastroenteritis, but the roles they play in disease remains undetermined.

Methods: Rotaviral antigen and RNA were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay and by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction in stool and serum specimens from children with rotaviral diarrhea (n=102), children with nonrotaviral diarrhea (n=40), and nondiarrheal control children (n=30).

Results: Rotaviral antigenemia was detected in 64%, 3%, and 0% of the children with rotaviral diarrhea, the children with nonrotaviral diarrhea, and the nondiarrheal control children, respectively.

Rotavirus nonstructural protein NSP4 induces heterotypic antibody responses during natural infection in children.

Seroconversion of immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) (> or =4-fold rise) to rotavirus nonstructural protein 4 (NSP4) was determined, by use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with fusion proteins glutathione S-transferase (GST)-NSP4 from strains SA11 (A), 116E (B), and RRV (C), in 40 children with acute rotavirus gastroenteritis and in 30 with the same disease due to other pathogens. The IgG seroconversion rates in the rotavirus group were 67.5%, 70%, and 60% when recombinant (r) NSP4A, -B, and -C, respectively, were used as antigen in the assay, and, for rotavirus-uninfected children, rates were 10%, 13%, and 7%.