Correction: Fehlhofer et al. Expression of Inflammatory Mediators in Biofilm Samples and Clinical Association in Multiple Sclerosis Patients in Remission-A Pilot Study. 2024, , 367.

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The Immune Checkpoint BTLA in Oral Cancer: Expression Analysis and Its Correlation to Other Immune Modulators.

In oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) tissues, an immunotolerant situation triggered by immune checkpoints (ICPs) can be observed. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) against the PD1/PD-L axis are used with impressive success. However, the response rate is low and the development of acquired resistance to ICI treatment can be observed.

Expression of Inflammatory Mediators in Biofilm Samples and Clinical Association in Multiple Sclerosis Patients in Remission-A Pilot Study.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease of unknown etiology that affects the central nervous system and can lead to neurological impairment. Our aim was to determine whether MS patients also show inflammatory changes in the oral cavity more frequently than healthy individuals. For this purpose, we examined plaque samples for various mediators and their correlation with clinical findings.

Neoadjuvant Radiochemotherapy Alters the Immune and Metabolic Microenvironment in Oral Cancer-Analyses of CD68, CD163, TGF-β1, GLUT-1 and HIF-1α Expressions.

Background: The first-line treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) involves surgical tumor resection, followed by adjuvant radio(chemo)therapy (R(C)T) in advanced cases. Neoadjuvant radio- and/or chemotherapy has failed to show improved survival in OSCC. Recently, neoadjuvant immunotherapy has shown promising therapeutic efficacy in phase 2 trials.

Does surgery affect systemic immune response? a perioperative analysis of TGF-β, IL-8 and CD45RO.

Background: The options of (neo-)adjuvant immunotherapy in addition to surgery in the treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) are steadily increasing, but patients do not always respond to therapy as intended. The objectives of this study were to investigate the systemic perioperative course of the biomarkers CD45RO, TGF-β, and IL-8 in non-tumor-related minor and tumor-related major maxillofacial surgery and to perform association analyses with demographic and histomorphologic parameters. A deeper understanding of surgery-related changes in various of different immune biomarkers could help to better understand the immunologic consequences of surgery which could influence immunotherapeutic protocols.

Postoperative Changes in Systemic Immune Tolerance Following Major Oncologic versus Minor Maxillofacial Surgery.

Background: There is increasing evidence of the benefits of adjuvant and neoadjuvant immunotherapy in the treatment of solid malignancies like oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). To optimize (neo-)adjuvant treatment, the systemic immunomodulatory effects of tumor surgery itself need to be considered. Currently, there is little evidence on the immunological effects of major surgery, such as free microvascular flap reconstruction.

Alterations in macrophage polarization in the craniofacial and extracranial skeleton after zoledronate application and surgical interventions - an experiment.

Purpose: Medication-related osteonecrosis occurs exclusively in the jaw bones. However, the exact pathogenesis of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) and the unique predisposition of the jaw bones have not been elucidated, making its treatment a challenge. Recent evidence indicates that macrophages might play a pivotal role in MRONJ pathogenesis.

The Immune Checkpoint Receptor CD96: A Local and Systemic Immune Modulator in Oral Cancer?

: As immunotherapy of oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs), using PD1 inhibitors, is only efficient in a small proportion of patients, additional immune checkpoints need to be identified as potential therapeutic targets. There is evidence that a blockade of CD96 might positively affect the anti-tumor immune response. The aim of this study was to analyze the gene and protein expression of CD96 in the tissue and peripheral blood of OSCC patients compared to healthy controls, while also checking for potential associations with a differential expression to the histomorphological parameters.

Case report: Patient specific combination of surgery and immunotherapy in advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck - a case series and review of literature.

Background: Prognosis of patients with recurrent or metastatic head and neck cancer is generally poor. Adjuvant immunotherapy (IT) featuring immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) is standard of care in advanced stage head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC). ICI response rates in CSCC are described as higher than in HNSCC.

Macrophage and T-Cell Infiltration and Topographic Immune Cell Distribution in Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer of the Head and Neck.

Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is a heterogeneous tumor entity that is vastly determined by age and UV-light exposure leading to a great mutational burden in cancer cells. However, the success of immune checkpoint blockade in advanced NMSC and the incidence and disease control rates of NMSC in organ transplant recipients compared to immunologically uncompromised patients point toward the emerging importance of the immunologic activity of NMSC. To gain first insight into the role of T-cell and macrophage infiltration in NMSC of the head and neck and capture their different immunogenic profiles, which appear to be highly relevant for the response to immunotherapy, we conducted a whole slide analysis of 107 basal cell carcinoma (BCC) samples and 117 cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) samples.

Beyond PD-L1-Identification of Further Potential Therapeutic Targets in Oral Cancer.

Background: The involvement of immune cell infiltration and immune regulation in the progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is shown. Anti-PD-1 therapy is approved for the treatment of advanced OSCC cases, but not all patients respond to immune checkpoint inhibitors. Hence, further targets for therapeutic approaches are needed.

Investigation of the Expression of Inflammatory Markers in Oral Biofilm Samples in Patients with Systemic Scleroderma and the Association with Clinical Periodontal Parameters-A Preliminary Study.

Background: Systemic scleroderma (SSc) has multiple orofacial effects. The aim of this study was to analyze the expression of inflammatory mediators in biofilm samples. It was hypothesized that different expression levels and clinical associations might be drawn.

Expression of inflammatory mediators in biofilm samples and clinical association in inflammatory bowel disease patients-a preliminary study.

Objectives: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has multiple impacts on soft and hard tissues in the oral cavity. The aim of this study was to analyze the expression of cytokines in biofilm samples from patients suffering from IBD and compare them to healthy patients. It was hypothesized that different cytokine expression levels and clinical associations might be drawn.

Neoadjuvant Immunotherapy of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Case Report and Assessment of Histological Response.

Background: The treatment of oral cancer remains challenging due to its infiltrative nature and a high tendency for tumour relapse leading to an overall poor prognosis. In the case of early recurrence, the patient's prognosis deteriorates dramatically, with survival rate dropping to below 30%. Minimal improvements in survival trends in recurrent and advanced stage tumours have been reported in recent decades.

Importance of the PD-1/PD-L1 Axis for Malignant Transformation and Risk Assessment of Oral Leukoplakia.

Background: The programmed cell death ligand 1/programmed cell death receptor 1 (PD-L1/PD-1) Immune Checkpoint is an important modulator of the immune response. Overexpression of the receptor and its ligands is involved in immunosuppression and the failure of an immune response against tumor cells. PD-1/PD-L1 overexpression in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) compared to healthy oral mucosa (NOM) has already been demonstrated.

Lineage-associated connexin 43 expression in bisphosphonate-exposed rat bones.

Expression of signaling proteins in bone cells depends on their embryological mesoderm-derived (e.g. tibia) or cranial neural crest (CNC)-derived (e.

Zoledronate Causes a Systemic Shift of Macrophage Polarization towards M1 In Vivo.

Background: Immunomodulatory properties of bisphosphonates (BP) are suggested to contribute to the development of medication-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ). Furthermore, bisphosphonate-derived immune modulation might contribute to the anti-metastatic effect observed in breast cancer patients. Macrophages are potential candidates for the mediation of immunomodulatory effects of bisphosphonates.

The Special Developmental Biology of Craniofacial Tissues Enables the Understanding of Oral and Maxillofacial Physiology and Diseases.

Maxillofacial hard tissues have several differences compared to bones of other localizations of the human body. These could be due to the different embryological development of the jaw bones compared to the extracranial skeleton. In particular, the immigration of neuroectodermally differentiated cells of the cranial neural crest (CNC) plays an important role.

PD1 expression and correlation with its ligands in oral cancer specimens and peripheral blood.

Objectives: This study analyzed the expression of the PD1 receptor in tumor tissue and peripheral blood of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients, and correlated it with the PD1 ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2. The currently low response rates of checkpoint inhibitor treatment in OSCC could be increased by a better understanding of immune checkpoint biology. Despite evidence in the literature for upregulation of PD1 checkpoint ligands in OSCC tissue, there has been no correlation analysis of the PD1 receptor with its ligands in tissue specimens and peripheral blood of OSCC patients.

Craniofacial Osteosarcoma-Pilot Study on the Expression of Osteobiologic Characteristics and Hypothesis on Metastasis.

Craniofacial osteosarcomas (COS) and extracranial osteosarcomas (EOS) show distinct clinical differences. COS show a remarkably lower incidence of metastases and a better survival. However, in contrast to EOS, they show a poor response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

Malignant transformation of oral leukoplakia is associated with macrophage polarization.

Background: Most oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) occur on the basis of oral leukoplakias (OLP). The histologic degree of dysplasia is insufficient for the prediction of OLP malignant transformation. Immunologic parameters are gaining importance for prognostic assessment and therapy of cancer.

The influence of nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide on the initial adhesion of Streptococcus mitis and mutans.

The use of nanoscale surface modifications offers a possibility to regulate the bacterial adherence behavior. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide of different pore diameters on the bacterial species Streptococcus mitis and Streptococcus mutans. Nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) surfaces with an average pore diameter of 15 and 40 nm, polished pure titanium and compact aluminum oxide (alumina) samples as reference material were investigated.

Differences in Inflammation and Bone Resorption between Apical Granulomas, Radicular Cysts, and Dentigerous Cysts.

Introduction: Dental cysts can be of inflammatory (radicular cysts) or noninflammatory (dentigerous cysts) origin. Apical periodontitis is a necrosis of the pulp and infection of the root canal causing the development of apical granulomas or radicular cysts. The immunology of granuloma and cyst formation is important because modern root filling materials are immunologically active and can contribute to the resolution of apical granulomas.

Osteosarcoma of the jaw - experience at the Medical University Vienna and comparative study with international tumor registries.

Objectives: Osteosarcoma of the jaw (OSAJ) is fundamentally different in clinical practice from its peripheral counterparts. Studies are difficult to conduct due to low incidence rates. The primary aim of this study was to provide for the first time a comprehensive retrospective analysis of the treatment concepts and outcome data of OSAJ patients treated at the University Hospital Vienna and to compare these with two recently published studies on OSAJ.