Multifaceted response mechanisms of Oryza sativa L. 'KDML105' to high arsenite and arsenate stress levels.

Toxicity resulting from high levels of inorganic arsenic (iAs), specifically arsenite (AsIII) and arsenate (AsV), significantly induces oxidative stress and inhibits the growth of rice plants in various ways. Despite its economic importance and significance as a potent elite trait donor in rice breeding programmes, Khao Dawk Mali 105 (KDML105) has received limited attention regarding its responses to As stress. Therefore, this study aimed to comprehensively investigate how KDML105 responds to elevated AsIII and AsV stress levels.