Autonomic nervous system of the pelvis - general overview.

Autonomic nervous system of the pelvis is still poorly understood. Every year more and more pelvic procedures are carried out on patients suffering from different pelvic disorders what leads to numerous pelvic dysfunctions. Authors tried to review, starting from historical and clinical background, the most important reports on anatomy of the pelvic autonomic plexuses.

Nerve supply of pelvic viscera - anatomical notes, clinical implication on nerve stimulation.

Aim: The aim of this study was to present review on pelvic plexuses in males and females with some referrals to clinical practice, specially to the methods including nerve stimulation.

Conclusions: Anatomy of pelvic plexuses is still confusing. Much attention should be paid to further studies on the arrangement of pelvic plexuses specially because of nerve stimulation techniques.

[Cervical vertebral column--anatomy, fractures, treatment].

The paper deals with anatomy of human cervical spine. It shows close relation between knowledge on the normal structure and methods of treatment of different kinds of spine injuries. It describes detailed anatomy and mechanical features of cervical vertebral column, including the structure of distinct vertebrae, their joints and arrangement of muscles.

The description of vascular variations in three-dimensional space: a novel method of spatial cerebral arteries evaluation.

Background: Anatomical and clinical descriptions of variations in arteries are based solely on anatomical terminology. New diagnostic techniques depend on terms such as the anterior, posterior, superior, inferior, medial, and lateral location of arteries and their branches or bifurcations, trifurcations, and fenestrations. However, these methods may be obsolete and such a simplistic approach is inadequate, especially for procedures that require precise morphological and morphometrical descriptions in 3D space.