PVX-potyvirus synergistic infections differentially alter microRNA accumulation in Nicotiana benthamiana.

In comparison to single infections, co-infection of Nicotiana benthamiana with Potato virus X (PVX) and Potato virus Y (PVY) or Plum pox virus (PPV), resulted in increased systemic symptoms (synergism in pathology). Previous studies have shown that virus infections affected the accumulation of various microRNAs (miRNAs) and miRNA target genes. Our studies revealed that double infection by PVX and PVY or PPV that produced the most severe symptoms in N.

Transcriptional changes and oxidative stress associated with the synergistic interaction between Potato virus X and Potato virus Y and their relationship with symptom expression.

Many virus diseases of economic importance to agriculture result from mixtures of different pathogens invading the host at a given time. This contrasts with the relatively scarce studies available on the molecular events associated with virus-host interactions in mixed infections. Compared with single infections, co-infection of Nicotiana benthamiana with Potato virus X (PVX) and Potato virus Y (PVY) resulted in increased systemic symptoms (synergism) that led to necrosis of the newly emerging leaves and death of the plant.

Stereospecific synthesis of polyfunctionalized carbacephams induced by titanocene(III) chloride.

Enantiomerically pure N-substituted epoxyalkene-2-azetidinones reacted with titanocene monochloride to give stereospecifically polyfunctionalized bicyclic beta-lactams. Four isomeric epoxyaldehydes 2 reacted with TiCp2Cl to give exclusively the respective carbacephams 7 while under the same reaction conditions the epoxyesters 1, which are more hindered for an intramolecular addition, gave the cyclization products 6 (only two isomers) and/or the elimination products 5 (all isomers).